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| electrical potential inside the cell must become less negative in order to go from the resting state to generating an action potential; two types of messages can be passed from one neuron to the other |
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| Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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| The idea that dreams represent the brain's attempt to make sense of the random patterns of neural activity generated during sleep |
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| emotionally charged memories involve this structure of the brain |
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| Memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury |
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| extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world; post-graduate degree |
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| Attention is the internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning. |
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| the collection of nerves that controls the more automatic needs of the body (such as heart rate, digestion, blood pressure); part of the peripheral nervous system |
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| long tail-like part of a neuron that serves as the cell’s transmitter; electrical signal called an action potential is sent down axon toward other neurons |
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| a descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual |
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| Central executive function |
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| controls and allocates how processing is divided across the loop and sketchpad, determines when the loop or sketchpad will be used and coordinates their actions |
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| the brain and the spinal cord |
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| a hindbrain structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the coordination of complex motor skills; little brain |
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| the outer layer of the brain, considered to be the seat of higher mental processes; Left – controls the sensory and motor functions for the right side of the body; reading and writing; Right – controls the sensory and motor functions for the left side of the body; emotional processing and spatial tasks |
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| Characteristics of spoken language |
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| Phonology, syntax, and semantics |
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| A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events – conditional and unconditional stimuli – that occur outside of one’s control. |
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| Diagnoses and treats psychological problems – such as depression, anxiety, phobias, or schizophrenia – or gives advice on things such as how to raise your children (post-graduate degree); psychiatrists treat mental disorders but are licensed to prescribe medication (require medical schooling) |
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| Refers simply to the activities that underlie all forms of thought – problem solving, reasoning, forming categories, etc. |
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| The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning. |
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| are located in the center portion of the retina and transduce light energy into neural impulses. |
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| every response is followed rapidly by reinforcement |
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| predicting and selecting behavior through statistical correlations based on two or more variables |
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| Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mind, want to understand how and why people think and act that became an independent study in 1950. Philosophy studies the mind whereas psychology is a mix of both mind and behavior (philosophy and physiology). |
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| the fibers that extend outward from a neuron and receive information from other neurons |
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| the behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment |
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| Developmental psychologist |
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| study how behavior and internal mental processes change over the course of the life span |
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| Memory for a particular event, or episode that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning |
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| determining why behavior occurs, establishing a cause and effect through manipulating the independent variable to note effects on the dependent variable |
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| the extent to which results generalize to other situation or are representative of real life |
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| cells in the visual cortex that respond to very specific visual events, such as bars of light at particular orientation |
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| reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a fixed interval of time; low rates of responding with scalloping pattern |
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| the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed; postreinforcement pause if ratio is large |
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| cells that fill in the space between neurons, remove waste, or help neurons to communicate effectively; outnumber neurons by a factor of about 10 to 1 |
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| Human factors psychologist |
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| Design and engineering of new products |
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| a forebrain structure thought to play a role in the regulation of various motivational activities, including eating, drinking, and sexual behavior |
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| the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. It must consist of at least two conditions |
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| Industrial/organizational psychologist |
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| Might be employed in industry to help improve morale, train new recruits, or help managers establish effective lines of communication with their employees |
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| the principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate |
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| the extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables; internally valid experiments allow for the determination of causality |
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| developed behaviorism school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience |
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| According to Freud, the true psychological meaning of dream symbols |
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| system used to maintain information for extended periods of time |
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| according to Freud, the actual symbols and events experienced in a dream |
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| the smallest units in a language that carry meaning 50,000-80,000 |
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| carry the messages and commands away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands that produce responses |
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| a descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the laboratory |
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| Negative punishment is a response that leads to the removal of an event that decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again. |
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| Negative reinforcement is a response that leads to the removal of an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again. |
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| – the main components of the nervous system are individual cells that receive, transmit, and integrate information; Electrochemical – language used by the neurons to communicate |
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| located at the far back of the brain; controls visual processing |
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| A procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions |
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| definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured |
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| A theory of color vision proposing that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation levels to one color and decrease their activation levels to another color |
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| response is followed by reinforcement only some of the time |
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| Russian physiologist who developed the technique known as classical conditioning to investigate how associations are formed. Didn’t intend to study learning, originally had an interest in digestion but noticed salvation occurred much too early. |
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| the collection of processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of sensations |
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| Got hit with a big pole in left frontal lobe; first case of a changed personality because of left frontal lobe |
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| Structure we use to temporarily store verbal information and engage in repetitive rehearsal- it corresponds to the inner voice and plays a critical role in language |
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| rules governing how sounds should be combined to make words in a language |
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| Positive punishment is a response that leads to the presentation of an event that decreases the likelihood of that event occurring again |
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| Positive reinforcement is a response that leads to the presentation of an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again |
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| the tendency to increase time spent in REM sleep after REM deprivation |
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| Random sampling importantance |
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| a procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample |
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| A strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition. |
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| Repair and restoration theory of sleep |
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| Daily activities wear and tear on the body. Mind needs "down-time" , Theory "brain is working overtime, repairing disorganized circuits and restoring depleted resources" |
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| conduct experiments or collect observations in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind |
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| the tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and the outside of the cell even when they aren’t receiving or transmitting messages |
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| Memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury. |
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| are located mainly around the sides and transducer light energy into neural messages. These visual receptors are highly sensitive and are active in dim light. |
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| Might work with students in primary and secondary schools to help them perform well academically and socially |
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Scientific method – a multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge – that is, knowledge derived from systematic observations of the world
-observe, detect regularities, generate a hypothesis, and observe |
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| The rules used in language to communicate meaning |
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| the elementary components, or building blocks, of an experience (such as a pattern of light and dark, a bitter taste, or a change in temperature) |
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| Replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less |
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| make the initial contact with the environment and are responsible for carrying the message inward toward the spinal cord and brain |
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| A limited capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two; magic number for short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 |
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| Described his theory of the unconscious mind and system of therapy |
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| how people think about, influence, and relate to each other |
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| The recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus. Conditioned responding that has disappeared in extinction is recovered spontaneously with the passage of time. |
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| Awake, Drowsy/Relaxed, Theta waves, Sleep Spindles/K complexes, Stage 3 and 4 are slow-wave sleep, and REM Sleep which is fast and random |
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| The stimulus situation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement/punishment. |
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| Often find stimulus generalization of a discriminative stimulus: If you’re rewarded for asking questions in psychology, you might naturally generalize your response to another course, such as economics, and raise your hand in there |
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| The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus might be key in regulating circadian rhythms. |
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| A descriptive research technique designed to gather limited amounts of information from many people, usually by administering some type of questionnaire. |
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| Sleep became adaptive, like sleeping at night to stop venturing into hostile environment. |
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| small gap between cells, typically between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrite of cell body of another |
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| the rules governing how words should be combined to form sentences |
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| Involves the combining of two words into simple sentences; articles and prepositions are omitted |
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| located on the sides of the brain; involved in certain aspects of speech and language perception |
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| A theory of color vision proposing that color information is extracted by comparing the relative activations of three different types of cone receptors |
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| The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training. |
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| reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a variable interval of time |
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| the number of responses required for reinforcement varies; produces high rates of response and little postreinforcement pauses; gambling; difficult to eliminate response |
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| Short- term retention and processing of visual and spatial information |
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| – First psychology laboratory was established in 1879 at the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt. Convinced that psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experience, established the first psychological laboratory, committed to scientific techniques and use of structuralism approach |
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Definition
| – First psychology laboratory was established in 1879 at the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt. Convinced that psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experience, established the first psychological laboratory, committed to scientific techniques and use of structuralism approach |
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| Convinced that to understand a mental process its function must be considered (functionalism) |
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