Term
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Definition
| the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline |
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Term
1. physical processes (changes in an indivdual's biological nature -- maturation)
2. cognitive processes (changes in an individual's thought, intelligence and language)
3. socioemotional processes (changes in an individual's relationships with other people, in emotions, and in personality) |
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Definition
| three levels on which development occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| people of different ages assessed and differences are noted |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between individuals that stem from the historical and social time period in which they were born and developed |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's environmental and social experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| assess the same participants over a lengthy period |
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Term
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Definition
| what we develop that involve activities, social relationships, and life goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times |
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Term
1. Germinal Period (weeks 1 and 2)
2. Embryonic Period (weeks 3-8)
3. Fetal Period (months 2-9) |
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Definition
| three stages of prenatal development |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that causes a birth defect |
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Term
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Definition
| infant's head turns in the direction of the touch on cheek and the infant opens the mouth for feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| infant throws head back and arms and legs out and then cries in response to a sudden noise or movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the infant curves toward the side of the lower back that has been stroked |
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Term
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Definition
| a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at |
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Term
1. assimilation
2. accommodation |
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Definition
| the two processes responsible for how people use and adapt their schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, during which infants consruct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched |
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Term
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Definition
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought
-cannot perform operations
-conservation
-egocentric |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representations that are reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects despite superficial changes |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
-logical, but concrete --> not abstract |
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Term
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Definition
Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future
-idealistic thinking
-hypothetical-deductive reasoning |
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Term
1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage
4. formal operational stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's four stages of cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment |
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Term
| socioemotional development |
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Definition
| Erikson's theory of ____________ ___________ |
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Term
1. authoritarian
2. authoritative
3. neglectful
4. permissive |
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Definition
| Baumrind's four styles of parent/ child interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort |
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Term
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Definition
| a parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life |
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Term
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Definition
| a parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior |
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Term
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development |
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Term
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Definition
| based primarily on punishments and rewards from the external world |
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Term
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Definition
| based on standards learned from parents or society's laws |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is intended to benefit other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| the main class of male sex hormones (testosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
| the main class of female sex hormones (estradiol) |
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Term
| identity versus identity confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson's 5th psychological stage in which adolescents face the challenges of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life |
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Term
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Definition
| becoming isolated from peers and family or losing oneself in the crowd |
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Term
| exploration and commitment |
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Definition
| two dimensions of Marcia's theory of identity status |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying in some ways with the ethnic minority group and in other ways with the majority culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18-25 years of age |
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Term
1. identity exploration (in love and work)
2. instability
3. self-focus
4. a feeling of being "in-between"
5. access to various life possibilites and an opportunity to transform one's life |
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Definition
| 5 main features of emerging adulthood |
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Term
| cellular-clock theory (Hayflick) |
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Definition
| a biological theory of aging which stages that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age; telomeres shorten and are dramatically reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological theory which stages that people age because unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals) are produced inside their cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological theory of aging which states that the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to strses and increase the likelihood of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spatial orientation and inductive reasoning intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life |
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Term
| socioemotional selectivity theory |
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Definition
| the narrowing of social contacts and the increase in positive emotion that occurs with age |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which we come to understand causes of other's behavior and form an impression of them |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior |
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Term
1. internal / external causes
2. stable / unstable causes
3. controllable / uncontrollable causes |
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Definition
| attributions vary along 3 dimensions, which are: |
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Term
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Definition
| the person who produces the behavior to be explained |
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Term
| observer the person who offers a causal explanation for the actor's behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourseleves |
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Term
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Definition
| positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to see onself primarily as an object in the eyes of others |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his / her group |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilites in relation to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something |
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Term
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Definition
| Bem's theory on how behaviors inflence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
| theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route |
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Term
| central route to persuasion |
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Definition
| engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument |
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Term
| peripheral route to persuasion |
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Definition
| non-message factors (source's credibility, attractiveness, emotional appeals) |
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Term
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| making a smaller request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| making the biggest pitch at the beginning, which the customer probably will reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand |
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Term
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Definition
| an unselfish interest in helping another person |
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Term
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Definition
| giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present onself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from onself and others for failing to live up to society's expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone |
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Term
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Definition
| social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard |
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Term
| informational social influence |
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Definition
| the influence other people have on us because we want to be right |
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Term
| normative social influence |
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Definition
| the influence others have on us because we want them to like us |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authroity |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of responsibility when one is part of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas (movie funnier in crowded theater than when watching it alone on DVD) |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members |
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Term
| group polarization effect |
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Definition
| the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the imparied group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony |
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Term
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Definition
| the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership |
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Term
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Definition
| Tajfel's theory that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group |
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Term
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Definition
| an unjustified and negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before |
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Term
| romantic love / passionate love |
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Definition
| love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship |
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Term
| affectionate / companionate love |
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Definition
| love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for that person |
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Term
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Definition
| the view of social relationships as invovling an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling on the part of the individuals in the relationship that each is doing his or her "fair share" |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| th view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin |
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Term
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Definition
| a mark of shame that may cause others to avoid or to act negatively toward an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disoders; the major classifcation of psychological disorders in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| all diagnostic categories except personality |
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Term
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| general medical conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial and environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| current level of functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant feeling of fear or dread |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders involving fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive to ordinary life |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and / or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the persons' ability to cope |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders -- the main types of which are depressive disorders and bipolar disorder -- in which there is a primary disturbance of mood: prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state |
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Term
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Definition
| mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression -- an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life |
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Term
| major depressive disorder (MDD) |
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Definition
| psychological disorder involving a signficant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MDD; the individual is in a depressed mood for most days for at least 2 years as an adult or at least one year as a child or adolescent |
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Term
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Definition
| mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme manic episodes in bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the milder version of bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological states in which the person feelings disconnected from immediate experience |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the indivdual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to recall important events |
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Term
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Definition
| dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress |
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Term
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Definition
| dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociatve disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disorder thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function -- something "added" above and beyond that of normal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| loose word associations, incoherent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ascribing personal meaning to completely random events |
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Term
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Definition
| unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the display of little or no emotion -- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| view of schizophrenia emphasizing that a combination of biogenetic disopositions and stress causes the disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit |
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Term
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Definition
| remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want |
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Term
| borderline personality disorder (BPD) |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of insability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing the world in black and white terms; a thinking style of BPD |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to be constantly on alert, looking for threatening information in the environment |
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