Term
|
Definition
| an item has to fit multiple descriptions to be in this concept. And . . . AND. . . AND . . . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an item's definition is based on how it relates to other items, or how it's features relate to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items that have at least one of several possible features. baseball 'strike'. |
|
|
Term
| conceptual groups- prototype |
|
Definition
| the most definitive member of a group |
|
|
Term
| conceptual groups- prototypical member |
|
Definition
| typical member of a group |
|
|
Term
| conceptual groups- atypical member |
|
Definition
| a member that still belongs in the conceptual group, but the relationships are not as strong |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- trial and error |
|
Definition
| most simplistic means of P.S. not very efficient or effective. |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- algorithms |
|
Definition
| a step by step process guaranteed to produce solutions . not always available, can take lots of time. |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- Heuristics |
|
Definition
| mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that provide answers. not always dependable. |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- analogies |
|
Definition
| using the solution to a previous problem to solve a new one. relationships. |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- representative heuristics |
|
Definition
| characterizing an item based on prototypical items in a conceptual group. may get exact features wrong because of generalizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to look for evidence that supports our views. |
|
|
Term
| problem solving- framing effects |
|
Definition
| the way we frame a problem as being represented can affect the way we perceive it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a solution to a problem pops into your head without you realizing you've solved it. |
|
|
Term
| failures in problem solving- mental sets |
|
Definition
| when a solution or problem solving technique used previously does not work any longer, but we are unable to adapt away from it. |
|
|
Term
| failures in problem solving- functional fixation |
|
Definition
| when we can not see an item as useful other than it's intended purpose. |
|
|
Term
| failures in problem solving- belief perseverance |
|
Definition
| tendency to cling to a previous belief in the light of conflicting evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human ability to use knowledge to solve problems, understand ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes. |
|
|
Term
| Spearman's theory of General Intelligence- |
|
Definition
| "G" theory. big pools vs. small pools. how much "g" do you have? try to explain correlations between scores on similar IQ tests. |
|
|
Term
| Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence |
|
Definition
| accounts for "G" as 2 different types of intelligence. CRYSTALLIZED- accumulated verbal/numerical skills gained over time- (70s). FLUID- one's ability to reason abstractly. declines in mid adulthood. |
|
|
Term
| Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence |
|
Definition
| 3 kinds of intel. ANALYTIC- uses executive process while P.S. CREATIVE- inventing or discovering new solutions . PRACTICAL - niche picking. adapting to everyday life. |
|
|
Term
| Gardner's multiple intelligence theory |
|
Definition
| 7 types in intel. LINGUISTIC- speaking, reading, writing. LOGICAL- mathematical. SPATIAL- arts, kinesiology, orienting in space and time. MUSICAL- music. BODILY KINESTHETIC- gross motor movements. INTERPERSONAL- extroverted. INTRAPERSONAL- people who are connected to themselves. introverted. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- drive theory- |
|
Definition
| based on homeostasis. body's natural tendency to remain in a state of biological balance. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- primary drives |
|
Definition
| need for food, water, warmth. begins with brain noting a lack of a biological need. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- secondary drives |
|
Definition
| motivated to do something that does not have biological necessity. |
|
|
Term
| Murray (1938) developed a list of secondaary drives: |
|
Definition
| Achievement. Autonomy. Understanding. Play. Order. Harmavoidance. Nurturance. Sex. Blamavoidance. Exhibition. Deference. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- drive reduction |
|
Definition
| meeting a primary need in order to reduce the 'pain' associated with the need. no explanation for why people ignore needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus that is associated with a positive or negative outcome. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- incentive theory- |
|
Definition
| when a person does something for a reward. either INTRINCIC- internal, for the sake of doing it. EXTRINSIC- outside reward. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- over justification effect |
|
Definition
| the more extrinsic motivation presented, the less intrinsic motivation will be accepted. |
|
|
Term
| motivation- social motives- |
|
Definition
| belongingness motivation. need to be a part of the group. 'mob mentality' |
|
|
Term
| motivation- esteem motives |
|
Definition
| need for achievement. need to excel. |
|
|
Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
|
Definition
| striving for 'self actualization'. 1. physiological desires. 2. safety. 3. social connections. 4. self esteem. 5. self actualization. |
|
|
Term
| Emotion- James Lange theory. |
|
Definition
| changes in environment result in our emotions. = our emotions are a result of noticing changes in environment. |
|
|
Term
| Emotions- Cannon, Bard theory- |
|
Definition
| emotions and bodily responces happen simulaneously. not one after the other. supported by physiological experiments on epinephrine. |
|
|
Term
| Schachter's TWO FACTOR theory on emotion |
|
Definition
| Physiological arousal, and cognitive label. (source) in order to have an emotion, both factors must be present. |
|
|
Term
| Development- first 2 weeks |
|
Definition
| baby is called zygote. rapid cell division. germination period ends with the implantation of cells in uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baby is called embryo. baby is not getting anything from mother yet, organs and structures start to form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baby is called fetus. fetus starts at 1 inch, ends around 7.5 lbs. |
|
|
Term
| prenatal development- miscarriages |
|
Definition
| 30-45% of pregnancies never make it to term. chromosome abnormalities, structural defects, or other severe defects. |
|
|
Term
| prenatal development- teratogens |
|
Definition
| some kind of agent that prevents baby from developing properly. illness, nutrician, age of mother, etc. stage of baby plays role in effect of teratogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRENATAL- gestation to birth. INFANCY- 0-2 years. EARLY CHILDHOOD- 2-6 years. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD- 6-10 years. ADOLESCENCE- 11g, 13 b. ADULTHOOD- ???-death |
|
|
Term
| Physical development after birth |
|
Definition
| 4X body weight in first 2 years. neural growth and pruning, along with specialization. language dominance at month 11. motor skills develop big then small. |
|
|
Term
| physical development after birth- vision |
|
Definition
| item must be within 8 inches of baby to be seen properly. |
|
|
Term
| physical development after birth- hearing |
|
Definition
| babies can distinguish voices of parents/strangers very early on. |
|
|
Term
| physical development after birth- smell |
|
Definition
| babies will turn towards scent of mother vs. stranger. |
|
|
Term
| physical development after birth- touch |
|
Definition
| babies are more sensitive to temperature and other touch stimuli than adults. |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's theory- principles and assumptions |
|
Definition
| assimilation= attempt to fit new info into schema. ADAPTATION- trying to modify schema to incorporate new info. |
|
|
Term
| stages of cognitive development- sensorimotor development |
|
Definition
| birth-2 years. object permanence. |
|
|
Term
| stages of cognitive development- preoperational development |
|
Definition
| 2-6 years. egocentricity, law of conservation. |
|
|
Term
| stages of cognitive development- concrete observational development |
|
Definition
| 7-12 years. logical use of symbols. |
|
|
Term
| stages of cognitive development- formal operational development- |
|
Definition
| adolescence- adulthood. reasoning abstractly, worldly issues, things you can't 'touch'. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research on serogate mothers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| girls- 11-13 years. increase estrogen/progesterone. menarche. boys- 13ish? increased testosterone. first ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
| Erik Erikson’s lifespan development |
|
Definition
Stage 1- trust vs. mistrust. Infancy (0-1 year).
Need to have a feeling of physical comfort and minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future. Leads to the expectations that the world is a good and pleasant place.
Stage 2- autonomy vs. Shame and doubt.—toddler (1-3 years).
Infant is beginning to discover the world on their own and individuality. If restrained too much, they might feel a sense of shame and doubt.
Stage 3- initiative vs. guilt- preschool (3-5 years)-
Children are being challenged more and more- requires active purposeful behavior to meet these challenges.
Need to have initiative in these areas to rise to the challenge or they will feel shame and guilt over their lack of ability.
Stage 4- Industry vs. inferiority (elementary, 6-12 years).
A time in which these purposeful behavior is applied to school. At no other time will they be so excited about school and learning.
Stage 5- identity vs. role confusion. (adolescence, (13-19).
Finding out who they are, what they are, and where they are going in life. Confronted with new rules and social statuses. Developing a sense of identity.
Stage 6- intimacy vs. isolation- young adulthood. (20-40) forming intimate relationships with others. Erikson says intimacy is ‘finding oneself yet loosing oneself to another person.’ Looking for meaningful connections; marriage.
Stage 7- generativity vs. stagnation- middle adulthood (40-65)
Assisting the younger generation in developing and leading useful lives. Fear of being stagnant, not having anything to give back to a younger generation.
Stage 8 integrity vs. despair- late adulthood. (65-up)
Reflecting on the past and putting together either a positive review or concluding that your life has not been well spent. |
|
|
