Term
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Definition
| process of thinking about one's own thoughts and feelings and then talking about them as a way of making them public and available for others to study [not always reliable] |
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Term
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Definition
Skinner
believed psychologists had to study observable actions -- the behaviors people display
environment and its associated effects on animals were the sole determinants of learning |
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Term
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Definition
enduring change in behavior, one that results from experience. occurs when animals benefit from experience so that their behavior is better adapted to the environment
center to almost all aspects of human existence, shapes many aspects of daily life
essence: understanding how events are related |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected |
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Term
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Definition
pavlovian conditioning
occurs when we learn that two types of events go together: like your heart beating faster during a scary movie
when a neutral stimulus elicits a reflexive response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response |
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Term
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Definition
instrumental conditioning
occurs when we learn that a behavior leads to a particular outcome, like studying leading to beter grades (Skinner) |
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Term
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Definition
| founded behaviorism: believed observable behavior was only valid indicator of psychological activity |
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Term
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Definition
| John Lock's idea of a blank slate: states that infants are born knowing nothing and that all knowledge is acquired through sensory experience |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic and unlearned response that occurs when a food stimulus is presented to a hungry animal (Pavlov's interest) |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral stimulus is presented along w/ a stimulus that always produces the reflex (this pairing is a conditioning trial and is repeated) then on critical trials the neutral stimulus is presented alone and the reflex is measured |
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Term
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Definition
occurs without prior training [classical conditioning]
is an unlearned, automatic behavior like any reflex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stimulates a reflex after learning takes place
often produces a less intense result than the US |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex that occurs when only conditioned stimulus is presented, an acquired, learned response |
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Term
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Definition
initial learning of a behavior
is gradual formation of an association between stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned
critical element: stimuli occur together in time [contiguity] |
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Term
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Definition
conditioned response is extinguished when conditioned stimulus no longer predicts unconditioned stimulus
extinction inhibits [reduces strength of] associative bond but does not eliminate it
overwrites previous association |
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Term
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Definition
CS again produces a CR
temporary, will fade quickly unless CS is again paired with US
even a single pairing of CS w/ US will reestablish CR, which will then diminish if CS-US pairings do not continue |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when similar stimuli but not identical to the CS produce the CR
adaptive b/c in nature the CS is seldom experienced repeatedly in an identical fashion, we learn to respond to variations |
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Term
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Definition
| animals learn to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associate with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
when a conditioned stimulus becomes directly associated not w/ an unconditioned stimulus but rather with other stimuli associated w/ the US
helps account for complexity of learned associations, especially in people
it can powerfully influence our beliefs/attitudes, but it mostly occurs implicitly [without our awareness/intention] |
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Term
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Definition
acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat
develop through generalization of a fear experience |
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Term
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Definition
when an animal is classically conditioned to fear neutral objects
most important brain structure for this: amygdala
example: Little Albert experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| exposing people to small doses of the feared stimulus while having them engage in a pleasurable task can help people overcome a fear |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
counterconditioning: once patients are taught how to relax their muscles, they are asked to imagine the feared object or situation while continuing to use relaxation exercises
repeated exposure to the feared stimulus is more important than relaxation in breaking fear connection, however |
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Term
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Definition
unpleasant state of tension and anxiety that occurs when addicts stop using drugs
cues related to drugs for addicts lead to activation of prefrontal cortex and limbic system [involved in experience of reward] |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which addicts need more and more of a drug to experience the same effects |
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Term
| strength of an association |
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Definition
determined by factors like intensity of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
not all stimuli are equally effective in producing learning |
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Term
| conditioned food aversion |
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Definition
| association between eating a novel food and getting sick |
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Term
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Definition
animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects
helps explain why animals tend to fear potentially dangerous things rather than objects that pose little threat
indicates people may be predisposed to wariness of out of group embers, especially since they have been more dangerous over the course of human evolution |
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Term
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Definition
means by which we come to predict occurrence of events
cognitive perspective on learning: psychologist's increasing consideration of mental processes such as prediction and expectancy |
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Term
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Definition
strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected or surprising
greater surprise of the US -->more effort an organism puts into trying to understand its occurrence so that it can predict future occurrences
novel stimuli are more easily associated with the US than familiar stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| once learned, a conditioned stimulus can prevent acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus associated with a CS can act as a trigger for the CS |
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Term
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Definition
our actions are instrumental [done for a purpose], behaving in certain ways keeps us from punishment
BF Skinner used the term "operant" to express the concept that animals operate on their environments to produce effects. operant conditioning = learning process in which an action's consequences determine likelihood that the action will be performed in the future
behaviors represent means to particular ends |
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Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
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Definition
| any behavior leading to a "satisfying state of affairs" will more likely occur gain, while any behavior leading to an "annoying state of affairs" will less likely occur again |
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Term
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Definition
(Skinner) a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
believed behavior occurs because it has been reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
operant chamber-->exposed rats or pigeons to repeated conditioning trials without having to do anything but observe
put them in a box w/ 2 levers: one for water, one for food |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
reinforcing successive approximations eventually produces desired behavior by teaching the animal to discriminate which behavior is being reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
satisfy biological needs
[most obvious reinforcers are those necessary for survival like food or water] |
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Term
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Definition
events/objects that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs
they are established through classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
a reinforcer's value could be determined by the amount of time an organism engages in a specific associated behavior when free to do anything
it can account for differences in individual's values
more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity |
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Term
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Definition
increases probability that a behavior will be repeated
can sometimes involve reward: rewarded behaviors increase in frequency |
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Term
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Definition
increases behavior through removal of a stimulus
reinforcement increases likelihood of a behavior, punishment decreases it |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases behavior's probability through administration of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases behavior's probability through removal of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
must be reasonable, unpleasant, applied immediately so behavior between unwanted behavior and punishment is clear
one thing people learn from punishment: how to avoid it/how to not get caught instead of how to behave appropriately |
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Term
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Definition
behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
effective for teaching a behavior but if reinforcement is stopped the behavior extinguishes quickly |
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Term
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Definition
intermittent reinforcement of behavior, which is more commonly used
can be administered either number of behavioral responses or simply passage of time |
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Term
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Definition
| based on number of times the behavior occurs, like if the behavior is reinforced every third or tenth time |
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Term
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Definition
| based on a specific unit of time, like if behavior is reinforced every minute or hour |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcer consistently is given after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcer is given at different rates or at different times |
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Term
| partial-reinforcement extinction effect |
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Definition
greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement
continuous reinforcement = learner can easily detect when reinforcement has stopped
;less frequent reinforcement training = greater resistance to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones
most unwanted behaviors are learned and therefore can be unlearned |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a utopia in which all of society's problems are solved through operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
(Tolman) when rats ran through complex mazes to get food they developed cognitive maps = spatial representations of mazes that helped them find food quickly
believed reinforcement has more impact on performance than on learning |
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Term
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Definition
| (Tolman) learning that takes place without reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
form of problem solving in which a solution suddenly emerges after either a period of inaction or contemplation of the problem
presence of reinforcement does not adequately explain insight learning but predicts whether the behavior is subsequently repeated |
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Term
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Definition
analogous to genes in that they are selectively passed on from one generation to the next, though some like fads die out quickly
used to represent transmitted cultural knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
acquiring or modifying of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior
(Albert Bandura's bobo doll experiment for example)
we can learn complex skills and even fears through demonstration/observation |
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Term
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Definition
imitation of observed behavior
we reproduce behavior fo models: those being observed
we will more likely imitate actions of models who are attractive, have high status, and are similar t ourselves
modeling will only be effective if the observer is physically capable of imitating the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when people learn about an action's consequences by observing others being rewarded or punished for the action
key distinction in learning = between acquisition of a behavior and its performance |
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Term
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Definition
neurons that are activated during observation of others performing an action
could be neural basis for empathy
could play a role in human's ability to communicate through language |
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Term
| dopamine involvement in reinforcement learning |
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Definition
dopamine = involved in motivation and emotion
pleasure centers = brain regions that support ICSS [intracranial self stimulation]
ICSS acts on same brain regions as those activated by natural reinforcers, depriving an animal fo food/water leads to increased ICSS and uses the same neurotransmitter system as natural reward = dopamine
evidence suggets dopamine serves as neurochemical basis of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
nucleus accumbens: subcortical brain region that is part of limbic system-->Experience of pleasure results from activation of dopamine neurons in nucleus accumbens
in operant conditioning: dopamine release sets reinfrocer's value
natural reinforcers signal reward directly through activation of dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens. neural stimuli that first fail to stimulate dopamine release do so after being paired with US |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
increase in behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimulus
leads to heightened responsiveness to other stimuli
for both types of simple learning, presynaptic neurons alter neurotransmitter release,r eduction in neuro transmitter release leads to habituation, increase in release leads to sensitization |
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Term
| long term potentiation [LTP] |
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Definition
strengthening of the synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated
LTP results from changes in postsynaptic neuron that make it more easily activated
cellular basis for learning/memory
supports notion that learning results froms strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons that fire together \ |
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Term
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Definition
| opens only if a nearby neuron fires at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge, enabling organisms to benefit from experience
we tend to remember personally relevant info, filter our memories through various perceptions/knowledge of related events |
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Term
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Definition
| we automatically recognize them: color, shape, orientation, movement, etc. within an environment |
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Term
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Definition
| systems that analyze objects' different visual features all process info at the same time, and we can attend selectively to one feature by effectively blocking further processing of hte others |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
you can focus on a single convo in the middle of a party but a pertinent stimulus like hearing your name or gossip can capture your attention
proximity/loudness influences what you will attend to, your selective attention can also determine which conversation you hear |
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Term
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Definition
| people have a limited capacity for sensory information and thus screen incoming information letting in only the most important |
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Term
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Definition
we are often blind to large changes in our environments because we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of visual information available
shows that we can attend to a limited amount of information and that large discrepancies exist beween what most people believe they see and what they actually see
shows how attention influences memory |
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Term
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Definition
encoding: occurs at time of learning as info is acquired/encoded or changed into neural code the brain can use
storage: can last a fraction of a second or a lifetime
retrieval: reaching into our memory storage to find/retrieve a previously encoded/stored memory when we need it |
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Term
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Definition
| three-stage memory system [short term, long term, sensory] |
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Term
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Definition
temporary memory system, lasting only a fraction of a second and closely tied to sensory systems
sensory memory occurs when light, sound, odor, taste, or tactile impression leaves a vanishing trace on the nervous system for a fraction of a second
allow us to experience world as a continuous stream |
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Term
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Definition
limited capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period but longer than the fraction of a second that sensory memory lasts
also called working memory: indicates it is a memory [storage] system that combines info from different sources and can work on the information we have in memory
also called immediate memory, consists of our fleeting thoughts, changing feelings, and temporary impressions of things in the world
info remains here for 20-30 seconds than disappears unless you prevent that from happening by thinking about it/rehearsing information |
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Term
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Definition
organizing information into meaningful units, breaking down info into chunks
more efficiently you chunk info, the more you can remember |
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Term
| working memory's four parts |
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Definition
| central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer |
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Term
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Definition
| presides over interactions among phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and long term memory [basically the boss]. encodes info from sensory systems, filters info that is important to be stored in long term memory, retrieves info from long term memory as needed, relies on other three subcomponents which hold temporary audio/visuospatial info |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes auditory info and is active whenever a person tries to remember words by reading them, speaking them, or repeating them |
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Term
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Definition
| processes visual info like object's features and where they are located |
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Term
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Definition
| holds temporary information about oneself, drawing heavily on long term episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
relatively permanent storage of information
nearly limitless
distinct from WM in two ways: duration and capacity
memory allows us to use information in ways that assist in reproduction/survival; info that helps us adapt to the environment is typically transformed into LTM |
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Term
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Definition
two parts
primary effects: easier to remember things at beginning of a list
recency effect: easier to rememeber things at the end of a list |
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Term
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Definition
| keep rehearsing material you already know pretty well [LTM] |
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Term
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Definition
| material studied in multiple sessions over time is remembered better than materials studied in mass practice [cramming] |
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Term
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Definition
memories about which we have no conscious knowledge
influences our lives in subtle ways, does not require conscious attention but happens automatically [without effort] |
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Term
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Definition
involves processes we use to remember information we can say we know
declarative memory: cognitive info retrieved in explicit memory-->knowledge that can be declared [can involve words, concepts, visual images, or both]
2 parts: episodic [refers to a person's past experiences and includes info about time/place of the experience] and semantic [represents knowledge of facts independent of personal experience, we don't remember where we learned it but we know it] |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement in identifying/processing a stimulus that has been experienced previously |
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Term
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Definition
motor memory: involves motor skills, habits, and other behaviors employed to achieve goals
have automatic, unconscious aspects: most people find consciously thinking about automatic behaviors interferes w/ smooth production of those behavors |
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Term
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Definition
future oriented, it means na individual to do something at some future time
involves automatic and controlled processes |
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Term
| levels of processing model |
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Definition
more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it si remembered
different types of rehearsal lead to different encoding:
maintenance rehearsal - repeating item over and over
elaborative rehearsal - encodes info in more meaningful ways like thinking about it conceptually
more brain activity = better memory |
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Term
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Definition
structures in long term memory that help us perceive, organize, process, and use info
help us sort out incoming info, guide our attention to an environment's relevant features
construct new memories by filling in holes with in existing memories, overlooking inconsistent info, and interpreting meaning based on past experience
can lead to biased encoding [like culture can influence it] |
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Term
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Definition
each unit of info in a network = node, nodes are connected to other nodes
closer the nodes = stronger association between them, more likely activating one will activate the other
stimuli in working memory activates specific nodes in long term memory, this activation increases ease of access to that material facilitating retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
anything that helps a person sort through vast data in long term memory to access the right info
explains why its easier to recognize rather than recall info |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
any stimulus encoded along w/ an experience can later trigger memory of the experience
when recall situation is similar to encoding situation = context dependent memory, can be based on things like physical location, odors, background music, etc.
state dependent memory = enhancement of memory when internal states match during encoding and recall |
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Term
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Definition
| physical site of memory storage |
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Term
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Definition
memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location
memories are stored in multiple brain regions and linked through memory circuits |
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Term
| medial temporal lobes [middle] |
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Definition
consist of structures like amygdala and hippocampus: important for consolidation of declarative memories
responsible for coordinating and strengthening connections among neurons when something is learned, actual storage occurs most likely in brain regions engaged during perception, processing, and analysis of learned material
hippocampus: spatial memory |
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Term
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Definition
immediate memories become lasting memories through this process
results from changes in strength of neural connections that support memory and from the construction of new synapses |
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Term
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Definition
process in which memories are consolidated again to be stored back in memory after they have been activated
newly reconsolidated memories may differ from original versions: our memories change when we use them, aren't accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for physical environment, including information such as directions, object locations, and cognitive maps |
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Term
| frontal lobes role in memory |
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Definition
involved in episodic memory, working memory, spatial memory, time sequences, various aspects of encoding/retrieval
extensive neural networks connect prefrontal cortex w/ other brain regions involved in memory
crucial for encoding |
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Term
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Definition
inability to retrieve memory from long term storage
we forget more than we remember |
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Term
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Definition
| transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence |
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Term
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Definition
pattern of forgetting over time
caused by interference |
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Term
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Definition
| old information inhibits ability to remember new information |
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Term
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Definition
| new information inhibits ability to remember old information |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when a person is temporarily unable to remember something [tip of the tongue phenomenon]
occurs b/c of interference from words that are similar in some way and keep recurring |
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Term
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Definition
| inattentive/shallow encoding of events |
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Term
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Definition
deficit in long term memory resulting from disease, brain enjury, or psychological trauma
can result from damage to medial temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| people lose past memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information |
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Term
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Definition
| people lose ability to form new memories |
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Term
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Definition
vivid memories for circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event
just as accurate as any other type of memory |
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Term
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Definition
misremembering of time, place, person, or circumstances revolved with a memory
false fame effect: people think someone is famous b/c they have encountered the name before
sleeper effect: arguments that initially not very persuasive because they come from questionable sources become more persuasive over time |
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Term
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Definition
| person thinks they have come up with a new idea but its really a retrieved old idea from memory and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source |
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Term
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Definition
| (Loftus) people can develop biased memories when provided with misleading information |
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Term
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Definition
| person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where he/she encountered the info |
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Term
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Definition
| false recollection of episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| people's memories for events change over time to be consistent with current beliefs or attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
specific strategies for improving memory
practice, elaborate the material, overlearn, get adequate sleep, use verbal mnemonics and visual imagery |
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Term
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Definition
| mental activity such as thinking/representing information |
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Term
| analogical representations |
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Definition
| have some characteristics of and are therefore analogous to actual objects, like a family tree depicting relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| usually words/ideas that are abstract and do not have relationships to physical qualities of objects in the world |
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Term
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Definition
mental representation that groups/categorizes objects, events, or relations around common themes
we store an abstract representation based on properties that particular items/ideas share |
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Term
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Definition
| each concept is characterized by a list off features that are necessary to determine if an object is a member of the category |
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Term
| prototype model of concepts |
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Definition
some items within a group or class are more representative of the category than other items in it are
allows for flexibility in representation of concepts |
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Term
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Definition
any concept has no single best representation: all the examples of the category members form the concept
assumes that through experience people form a fuzzy representation of a concept because there is no single representation of any concept
accounts for observation that some category members are more prototypical than others |
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Term
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Definition
enables us to interact w/ complex realities of our dialy environments
help us perceive, organize, and process information
draw on knowledge of what objects/behaviors/events apply to each setting |
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Term
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Definition
| using info to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable |
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Term
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Definition
| attempting to select the best alternative among several options |
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Term
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Definition
| overcome obstacles to move from a present state to a desired goal state |
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Term
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Definition
using a belief/rule to determine if a conclusion is valid [logic]
"if...then...." reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
using examples/instances to determine if a rule/conclusion is likely to be true
goes from general to specific
example: scientific method |
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Term
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Definition
| shortcuts in problem solving used to reduce amount of thinking that is needed to move from an initial state to a goal state |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency when we think about events/making judgments to rely on information that is easy to retrieve |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| when we base a decision on the extent to which each option reflects what we already believe about a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of presentation on how information is perceived |
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Term
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Definition
people overestimate extent to which negative events will affect them in the future
we consider only immediate intense pain |
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Term
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Definition
problem solving: identifying people's steps in solving particular problems
solving a problem requires breaking the task down into subgoals |
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Term
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Definition
metaphorical mental lightbulb that goes on in your head when you realize the solution to a problem
[Wolfgang Kohler] |
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Term
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Definition
| a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution |
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Term
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Definition
| problem solving strategy that has worked in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| human ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, adapt to environmental challenges |
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Term
| psychometric approach to intelligence |
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Definition
| focuses on how people perform on stnadardized achievement tests, examining what they know/problem solving skills |
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Term
| cognitive approach to intelligence |
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Definition
| examines particular mental abilities tha tallow people to operate intelligently: how they process info, reaction speed, etc |
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Term
| biological approach to intelligence |
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Definition
| how the brain processes info and the exten to which differences in braina ctivity are affected by genes and environment |
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Term
| intelligence quotient [IQ] |
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Definition
| mental age/chronological age x 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical tehcnique that clusters items similar to one another: clusters referred to as factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| invovles information processing in novel or complex circumstances |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| knowledge acquired through experience and teh ability to use tha tknowledge |
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Term
| multiple intelligences theory |
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Definition
idea that people can show different skills in a variety of different domains:
bodily-kinesthetic, mathematical/logical, spatial, intrapersonal, interpersonal |
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Term
| emotional intelligence [EQ] |
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Definition
form of social intelligence that mephasizes ability to perceive, understand, maange, and use emotions to guide thoughts and actions
four abilities: manage own emotions, use own emotiosn to facilitate activites, recognize other peoples emotions, understand emotional languge |
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Term
| brain structure and IQ relationship |
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Definition
relationship with head circumference and scores on intelligent tests
volume of neuronal cell bodies [gray matter] in frontal lobesa nd other brain regions that support attentional control is related to fluid intelligence but not crystallized intelligence |
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Term
| genes and environment influence on IQ |
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Definition
thousands of genes contribute to intelligence and each only has a small effect [hard to tell]
poor nutrition can affect brain developmetn and decrease intelligence
other environmetnal infleunces: prenatal factors, postnatlal factors
environment infleunces how genes invovled in brain development are expressed |
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Term
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Definition
IQ scores have risen dramatically during the last century of intelligence testing
genes cannot havechanged much during this time, must be an environmetnal factors' impact
every generation needs more education than the preceding one which could help explain this |
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Definition
| apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group |
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Definition
| area of psychological science concerned w/ factors that energize [stimulate] behavior focuses on what produces behavior |
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Definition
state of deficiency which can be either biological or social
lead to goal-directed behavior |
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Definition
| (Maslow) place survival needs like hunger/thirst at base of the hierarchy b/c they had to be satisfied first and personal growth at the pinnacle |
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Term
| four qualities of motivation |
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Definition
energizing: activate/arouse behaviors, cause us to do something
directive: guide behaviors toward satisfying specific goals or specific needs
persist: persist until goals are achieved/needs are satisfied
strength: motivation varies in strength depending on external and internal factors |
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Definition
| when someone achieves his/her dreams or aspirations |
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Definition
| generic term used to describe physiological activation or increased autonomic responses |
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Definition
| psychological states that encourage behaviors that satisfy needs |
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Definition
| tendency for body functions to maintain equilibrium |
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Definition
| extenral objets/goals, rather than intenral drives, that motivate behaviors |
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Definition
| performance increases w/ arousal up to na optimal pont and then decreases with increasing arousal |
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Definition
| need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes |
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Term
| neural processes that control eating |
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Definition
hypothalamus: brain structure that most influences eating, integrates various inhibitory/excitatory feeding messages and organizes behavior involved in eating
damage to middle [ventromedial] region of hypothalamus: hyperphagia-->eat great policies of food
aphagia: diminished eating behavior [damaging outer region of hypothalamus] |
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Term
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Definition
involved in fat regulation: released from fat cells as more fat is stored: travels to hypothalamus where it acts to inhibit eating behavior
acts slowly: takes considerable time after eating before leptin levles cahnge in the body
important for long term body fat regulation not short term eating control |
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Term
| short term eating regulation |
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Definition
supply of nutrients fall below certain level
detects signal
eating
delay between ingestions and replinishment
separate staritng and stopping mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, adnc ognitive beliefs
immediate responses to environmental events
moods = long lasting emotional states that influence rather than interrupt thought and behavior
moods = vague, emotions = specific |
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Definition
govern how and when emotions are exhibited: learned through socialization and dictate when emotions are suitable to given situations
help explainc ultural stereotypes and why identification of facial expressiosn is better within than between cultures |
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Definition
unrealistic to try and separate emotion and cognition: people's moods alter mental processes
increased dopamine levels mediate the effects of positive affect on cognitive tasks |
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Term
| emotions and decision making |
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Definition
emotions are heuristic guides that provide feedback for making quick decisions
when cognition and emotions are inc onflict, emotions have more impact on decisions
people use current mood states to make judgments and appraisals even if they do not know the source of their moods but when you become aware of the source of yoru mood, feelings no longer influence judgments |
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Definition
| bodily reactions that arise form emotional evaluaiton of an action's consequences |
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Term
| three components of emotion |
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Definition
| subjective experience, physical changes, and cognitive appraisal |
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Term
| subjective component of emotion |
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Definition
primary emotions: evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, associated w/ specific biological/physical states [anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness]
secondary emotions: blends of primary emotions [remorse, guilt, anticipation, etc.
you can experience negative and positive emotions at the same time its all independent
positive states = more dopamine; negative = norepinepehrine |
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Term
| James Lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
| emotion is the result of perceiving specific patterns of bodily responses |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| facial expressions trigger emotion, not the other way around |
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Term
| Canon-Bard theory of emotion |
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Definition
| information from an emotion producing stimulus is processed independently in corticla and subcortical strucutres, causng experience of two separate things at roughly the same time [emotion form cortex and physical reaction from subcortex] |
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Term
| amygdala's role in emotion |
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Definition
limbic system: subcortical brain regions involved in emotion
amygdala processes emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions
most importnat for emotional learning and fear responses
two paths to get to amygdala
1) quick and dirty: processes sensory info nearly instantaneously
2) slower, but more deliberate and htorough evaluations: information is scrutinized in sensory cortex before it is passed to the amygdala
increased amygdala activity for an event increases long term memory for the event |
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Term
| prefrontal cortex's role n emotion |
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Definition
responsible for somatic markers
left and right frontal lobes are impacted by different emotions: cerebral asymmetry
people can be dominant in one hemisphere and that hemisphere can bias emotion [hemispherical dominance] |
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Term
| stanley schachter's two factor theory of emotion |
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Definition
situation evokes a physiological response, such as arousal, and a congitive interpretation, or emotional label
whatever the person believes caused the emotion will determine how the person labels the emotion |
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Term
| misattribution of arousal [two factor theory of emotion] |
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Definition
| when people misidentify source of their arousal |
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Term
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Definition
at birth, brain has cortical layers, connections among its neurons, and myelination: begins in spinal cord in first trimester of pregnancy and on neurons during secondtrimester and is the brain's way of insulating its wires
synaptic pruning: process whereby synaptic connections in teh brains that are frequently used are preserves and those that are not are lost |
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Term
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Definition
environmental agents that harm the embryo/fetus
drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, chemicals
extent to which it causes damage depends on when fetus is exposed to it and the length/amount of exposure |
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Definition
| biologically determined time periods for development of specific skills |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily |
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Term
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Definition
| strong, intimate emotional conncetion between people that persists over time and across circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| secure child is happy to play alone, friendly to stranger while attachment figure is present, when figure leaves child is distressed and looks for attachment figure, when they return, child is happy/quickly comforted |
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Term
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Definition
| does not appear upset by attachment figure's departure, ignores atttachment figure when they return |
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Term
| anxious/ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| anxious throughout the test, clings to attachment figure, inconsolably upset when attachment figure leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| infants give mixed responses when caregiver leaves and returns |
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Definition
promotes behaviors that ensures survival of young
plays role in matenral tendencies, feelings of social acceptance an dbonding and sexual gratification |
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Term
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Definition
preferential looking technique: show a kid two things, if it looks longer at one of the things it means the kid cna distinguish between the two and finds oen more interesting
orienting reflex: tendnecy to pay more attention to new stimuli
infants respond more to objects with high contrast patterns
streograms: one view of an image shownt o one eye and anotehr view shown tot he other: converted into depth perception. use visual disparity to perceive depth
if kid can turn into direction of sound, movement inddicates they have perceived sound and know where it si coming from, can recognize sounds theyve heard before |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to remmeber events from early childhood |
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Term
| piaget's stages of development |
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Definition
| sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
| process through which a new experience is incorporated in an existing schema |
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Term
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Definition
| process through which a schema is adapted or expanded into the new experience |
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Term
| Piaget's sensorimotor stage |
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Definition
birth-age 2: acquire info through senses
understand objects only when they reflexivelyr eact to those objects' sensor y input: grasping fingers, etc.
develop first schemas
all sensoriomtoor schemas eventually merge into an exploratory schema: infants learn they can act on objects, manipualte htem to understand them
object permannece: understanding that an object continues to exist when its hidden from view |
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Term
| preoperational stage [piaget] |
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Definition
ages 2-7
children can think about objects not in their immediate view and have developed various conceptual models of how the world works
begin to think symbollically, bas reaosning on imediate appearance instead of logic: no understanding of law of conservation |
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Term
| concrete operational stage [piaget] |
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Definition
ages 7-12
humans do not develop logic until they begin to think about/understand operations
classic operation = something that can be undone like turning a light off
understand conservation of quantity
cannot reason abstractly at this stage |
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Term
| formal operational stage [piaget] |
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Definition
| involves abstract thinking, characterized by ability to form a hypothesis about something and test it through deductive logic [age 12-life] |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to explain/predict other people's behaviors as a result of recognizing their mental state |
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Term
| Kohlberg's moral development |
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Definition
preconventional level:self interest determines whats moral
conventional: rules/approval of other determine whats moral
postconventional: highest stage of moral development, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles |
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Term
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Definition
sentences broken down into smaller units-->phrases-->words-->consist of morphemes--->consist of phonemes [basc sounds]
syntax = rules that govern how words are combined into phrases
babies utter two types of words: performatives which have wordlike sounds like hello
true words are clealry meant to represent concepts, like cat
telegraphic speech: children's tendnecy to speak in rudimentary sentences that are msising words but follow logical syntax
we're born with a language acquisition device that contains universal grammar
social/cultural context influence langauge devleopment
learning to read -->2 approaches
1) phonics: teaches associations between letters and phonemes [sound]
whole language approach: emphasizes words meanings and how words are connected in sentences |
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Definition
| developed theory of age-related psychological processes and their effects on social functioning across lifespan: eight stages, each having its own developmental criss/challenge to be confronted |
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Definition
elderly contribute to modern society
recognize things more slowly
most adults are still happy though
perceive time to be limited and therefore adjust priorities to emphasize emotionally meaningful events, experiences and goals
resolving challenges enable them to come to terms with the reality of death |
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Term
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Definition
initial symptoms: minor memory impairments but it eventually progresses to more serious difficulties like forgetting daily routines
eventually lose all mental capacities including memory and language |
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Term
| cognition changes during aging |
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Definition
older people have difficulty with memory tasks that require ability to juggle multiple pieces of info at the same time or where their attention is divided
long term memory is less affected, need more time to learn info but once its learned they can use it as efficiently as young people
better at recognition than retrieval tasks
better memory for positive than negative information
tend to not use strategies that facilitiate memroies which is why they have a decline in memory
intellectual decline does not occur until people are in 60s/70s, people who were healthy and remained mentally active demonstrated less decline |
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Definition
| Yields consistent results |
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Term
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Definition
| are you measuring what you think youre measuring |
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Term
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Definition
| Post event information influencing memory of the event |
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Term
| Orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
i. Recognizing emotional significance of complex social situations and in regulating our responses to the situations
ii. Interface between brain areas involved in automatic emotional responses and those involved in control of complex behaviors
iii. Use emotional reactions to guide our behavior and in controlling emotional reactions in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
obese parents tend to have obese children
o Behavior/Environmental
• Increased availability of inexpensive high-fat food
• Increase meals away form home
• Increased portion size
• High fructose corn-syrup
• Rapid eaters
• Cafeteria-style eating
• Energy expenditure
o Neurochemical
• Leptin
• Ghrelin
Alterations
When stomach is empty, sends out ghrelin to brain
Decreased ghrelin in plasma
Stomach doesn’t send ghrelin |
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Term
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Definition
• Refusal to maintain normal body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight of becoming fat, even though underweight
• Disturbance in the way in which shape/weight is experienced, undue influence of body weight on self evaluation or denial of seriousness of low weight |
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