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| chemical that transmits signals from one neuron to another in the brain and body; they can be in the form of hormones, amino acids, monoamines, |
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| Found at neuromuscular junction; memory and learning. Associated Diseases Alzheimer’s disease (decreased Ach) Black widow spider (increased Ach) Botox (decreased Ach) Curare (decreased Ach) |
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| Movement, learning, attention, emotions, and rewards. Associated Diseases Parkinson’s disease (decreased dopamine) Schizophrenia (increased dopamine) Depression (decreased dopamine |
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| Sleep, mood, hunger, arousal. Associated Diseases )Depression (decreased serotonin) Anorexia (increased serotonin)Sleep disorders |
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| Fight or flight response. Associated Diseases Depression (decreased NE) |
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| Endorphins (endogenous opiates) |
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| Pain, emotions. Associated Diseases Mimicked by opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine) Runners high Neurostimulation |
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| GABA gamma amino-butyric acid |
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| Hunger and sleep, inhibits CNS. Associated Diseases Alcohol consumption causes an increase in GABA. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia. |
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| Associated Diseases Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food.) |
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| Involved in memory, immune system responses |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment |
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| An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
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| A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
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| Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth |
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| Longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
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| Among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
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| An integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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| Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being |
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| Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| Medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions |
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| Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| Statement of the procedures used to define research variables |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations |
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| Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people |
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| Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| Perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
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| Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
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| Experimental results caused by expectations alone |
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| Condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment |
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| Condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance |
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| Experimental factor that is manipulated |
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| The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
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| Arithmetic average of a distribution |
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| The middle score in a distribution |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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