Term
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Definition
| process by which a conditioned response is established or strengthened |
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Term
| Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification) |
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Definition
| procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing the reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors |
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| Behavior modification (or applied behavior analysis) |
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Definition
| procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing the reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors |
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Definition
| field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes |
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Definition
| psychologist who insists that psychologists should study only observable, measurable behaviors, not mental processes |
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Definition
| tendency of a previously established association to one stimulus to block the formation of an association to an added stimulus |
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Definition
| procedure for developing a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one response is the opportunity to engage in the next response |
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Term
| Classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning) |
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Definition
| process by which an organism learns a new association between two paired stimuli-a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that comes to evoke a particular response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| tendency to avoid eating a substance that has been followed by illness when it was eaten in the past |
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Definition
| reinforcement for every correct response |
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Term
| CR (conditioned response) |
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Definition
| whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure |
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Term
| CS (conditioned stimulus) |
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Definition
| stimulus that comes to evoke a particular response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that all behavior has a cause, or determinant, in the observable world |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) in classical conditioning, making different responses to different stimuli that have been followed by different outcomes; (b) in operant conditioning, learning to respond in one way to one stimulus and in a different way to another stimulus; (c) in social behavior, unequal treatment of different groups of people |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that indicates on which occasion a response will produce a certain consequence |
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Definition
| principle that an opportunity to engage in any deprived activity will be a reinforcer because it restores equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| progressively weaker effects of a drug after repeated use |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) in classical conditioning, the dying out of the conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus; (b) in operant conditioning, the weakening of a response after a period without reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| rule for delivering reinforcement for the first response that the subject makes after a specified period of time has passed |
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Term
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Definition
| rule for delivering reinforcement only after the subject has made a specific number of correct responses |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcement for some responses and not for others |
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Term
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Definition
| something that we infer without directly observing it and that links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndike’s theory that a response followed by favorable consequences becomes more probable and a response followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less probable |
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Term
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Definition
| graphical representation of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning |
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Term
| Methodological behaviorist |
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Definition
| psychologist who studies only measurable, observable events but sometimes uses those observations to make inferences about internal events |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as food |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as pain |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to suppress a behavior that would lead to the omission of an event such as food |
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Term
| Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning) |
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Definition
| process of changing behavior by following a response with reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| (literally, stinginess) scientists’ preference for the theory that explains the results using the simplest assumptions |
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Definition
| strengthening a behavior through the presentation of an event such as food |
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Definition
| concept that evolution has prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others |
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Definition
| event that is reinforcing because of its own properties |
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Definition
| event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated |
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Definition
| one who denies that internal, private events are causes of behavior |
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Definition
| event that increases the future probability of the most recent response |
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Definition
| event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of that response |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| rule or procedure linking the pattern of responses to the reinforcements |
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Definition
| event that becomes reinforcing because it has previously been associated with a primary reinforcer |
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Definition
| perception of one’s own ability to perform a task successfully |
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Term
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Definition
| time early in life during which some kind of learning occurs most readily |
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Definition
| technique for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of the muscles that move the limbs, trunk, and head |
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Term
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Definition
| view that people learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others and by imagining the consequences of their own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) in classical conditioning, the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli; (b) in operant conditioning, the tendency to make a similar response to a stimulus that resembles one that has already been associated with reinforcement |
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Term
| Stimulus-response psychology |
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Definition
| field that attempts to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind |
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Term
| UCR (unconditioned response) |
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Definition
| automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| UCS (unconditioned stimulus) |
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Definition
| stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic connection between a stimulus and a response |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response |
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Term
| Variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| rule for delivering reinforcement after varying amounts of time |
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Term
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Definition
| rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers of correct responses |
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Term
| Vicarious reinforcement (or vicarious punishment) |
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Definition
| observed reinforcement or punishment experienced by someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| activities of the internal organs |
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