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| uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. |
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| Expectation of how men and women are suppose to act. |
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| the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own. |
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| integrated behavioral and cognitive theories of learning in order to provide a comprehensive model that could account for the wide range of learning experiences that occur in the real world. |
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| Social learning perspective |
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| The environmental component is made up of the physical surroundings around the individual that contain potentially reinforcing stimuli, including people who are present (or absent). The environment influences the intensity and frequency of the behavior, just as the behavior itself can have an impact on the environment. |
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| Bandura: Individual component/cognitive factors |
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| The individual component includes all the characteristics that have been rewarded in the past. Personality and cognitive factors play an important part in how a person behaves, including all of the individual's expectations, beliefs, and unique personality characteristics. |
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| the behavior itself is something that may or may not be reinforced at any given time or situation. |
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| Extraverts are sociable and active, they enjoy meeting people and going to parties. The original conception of extraversion linked it to arousal (Eysenck, 1967). Eysenck described extraverts as showing low levels of cortical arousal, while introverts were seen as over-aroused. Later explanations focussed on proposed differences in conditioning. Because of their higher arousal introverts were claimed to condition more readily and were therefore more socialised, more sensitive to social constra |
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| Eysenck described neuroticism as reflecting differences in the intensity of emotional experience. As described above Gray (1981) argued that neuroticism was indicative of a higher sensitivity to punishment. Neuroticism is close to a number of other traits such as trait anxiety or negative emotionality. It might be expected that individuals high in neuroticism might be more likely to use drugs in order to reduce or avoid negative emotional states. |
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| The third of Eysenck's dimensions is a more recent addition and is less well defined than extraversion and neuroticism. Individuals high on psychoticism are tough-minded, non-conformist, willing to take risks and may engage in antisocial behaviour. The name of the scale reflects Eysenck's original suggestion that the trait tapped personality traits related to psychosis, just as neuroticism seems to measure traits related to anxiety and depression. Later revisions to the scale have moved away from this view and recent explanations emphasise impulsive nonconformity or tough-mindedness. The scale has obvious similarities to sensation seeking and if the trait relates to a disorder it is psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder, rather than psychosis. On the "Big Five" model high psychoticism overlaps with low scores on the traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness. |
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