Space, time, sequence, frequency

Ex: What you did throughout the day, where something is located

Effortful processing

Not a deep form of memory

Repeating, not thinking about the meaning

Serial Position Effects

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect

Effortful processing

Thinking about the meaning of what you're memorizing

Deeper Processing

Self-Reference Effect

Effort Processsing

We remember more if we study it over a distributed periods opposed to cramming the night before

1) Sensory Memory

2) Short Term Memory

3) Long Term Memory

Information must pass through the 3 stages before something is fully memorized

Brief, identification

Hold information in our memory long enough to understand what you're sensing

What we're currently thinking about

Limited amount of room, generally lasts 18-30 seconds

Working memory

Storage Capacity - Immediate Memory Span/Magic Number

Mental manipulation

Hold information in our memory while manipulating it

Solve problems, plan ahead, add numbers

Believed to be permanent

Explicit vs implicit

Episodic vs Semantic

Priming

Classical Conditioning

Declarative

Conscious memory of facts and experiences

Episodic vs Semantic

Explicit memory

Personal experiences

Ex: Birthday parties, something you and  your friends did

Explicit Memory

Worldy knowledge/facts

Not tied to a specific event

Unconscious memory

Remembering something without trying to recall it

Ex: Procedural skills that are routinely performed, 

Classical Conditioning

Part of implicit memory

Present something subliminally and it influences their response

Things that are more closely associated with each other have a stronger connection

Cues activate related concepts and neurons

Never encoded information in the first place so we never put it into memory

Ex: Something trivial or not important

Fading of unused memories

Ebbinghaus and the forgetting curve - He memorized nonsense syllables and measures how fast it took him to forget. 

In the first hour he forgot the most and then it stabilized after that

Due to interference of another memory

Evidence: You can relearn something or use cues to remember it

Old information interferes with the retrieval of new

Ex: Writing the old year instead of the new year

New info interferes with the old

Ex: New knowledge of new names might interfere with old names from high school

Languages you learned in high school might be harder to remember if you learn a new language in college

Something in long term memory is believed to be there forever

If forgotten, it is due to interference or a retrieval problem

Memory is subjective and easily influenced by preconceptions and later events continually revising

Info is molded to fit into schemas

 We tend to notice/remember what fits in with our expectations even if it might not be true

Ex: Office experiment - Subjects are placed in an office and tend to remember things associated with an office, even if they might not be there, and they don't remember things that aren't usually in an office.

Memory is easily distorted by questions and suggestions

Children + Elderly more susceptible

Ex: Eye witness testimony - Are often wrong because things that weren't witnessed but mentioned after the fact can be incorporated into memory

People remembered a car accident differently if the researchers used different words to describe the accident 

Ex: Smashed vs collide

May not be sure if it works

Hypnosis - Could be therapist asking leading questions

More likely to over-remember trauma than have it repressed

Particularly vivid memories usually involving where you were and what you were doing during a traumatic event

Does not mean they can't be incorrect or distorted

New memories --> New synaptic connections

1) Long Term Potentiation

2) Acetylcholine

3) Hormones

4) Hippocampus

5) Cerebellum

Process of strengthening or sensitation of existing synapses

Neurons get used to be connected so signals travel faster

Neurotransmitter involved in memory

Disappear in altzheimer's patients

Drugs that are agonists of acetylcholine help memory

Key hormone: Adrenaline

During stressful environments, adrenaline helps remember events generally for a short period. May hinder memory in the long term

"Frozen in time"

Structure damaged: Hippocampus

Can't transfer memory from STM to LTM

Can't form explicit or semantic memories

Ex: If taught how to play tennis and forgot the next day, they won't remember the lessons but will be able to play naturally

Ex: HM

Person who had hippocampus removed on both sides because he was having seizures

Couldn't form new explicit LTM

Kept on being told the same thing or meeting the same people but forgot everytime

Amnesia for events prior to what caused it

Can't remember the past

Brain widely damaged

Memories can return/be recovered, the oldest memories tend to be recovered first but the memories right before the incident can never be recovered