Process by which behavior is changed by its consequences

Repeating positive behaviors, stopping negative behaviors

Voluntary due to environment

Responding decreases once reinforcement stops

Learning by observing others and imitating

Starts right after birth

Cognitive process

No reinforcement or punishment

View that psychology should:

1) Be and objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Most researchers believe 1 but not 2

Something that naturally and automatically triggers the unlearned 

Ex: Meat Powder

Unlearned/Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

Ex: Salvation to meat powder

Previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus so that it has the name unconditioned response

Ex: Bell

Learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Ex: Salivating to the bell

Process of conditioning; pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus until it causes the same response

Then the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

Pairing works best if the unconditioned stimulus occurs right after the conditioned stimulus

Getting rid of conditioned response by giving the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly

Causes the conditioned response to be forgotten

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus

Ex: Crying --> Attention then learn to cry in front of other people in hopes of attention

Being attacked by a dog --> Being afraid of all dogs

Learn to make response in presence of one stimulus but not another

Biological predisposition to make particular associations

Something things are easier to classical condition than others

People who might develop alzheimer's later in life will show problems with classical conditioning before they show symptoms of the disease

Won't blink when they hear tones

People undergoing chemotherapy will avoid foods they ate the night before due to taste aversion

Operant chamber - Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

Training animals for food

Process of learning behavior through operant conditioning

Systematic reinforcement of gradual improvements toward desired behavior

Method of shaping

Reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior and you ignore all other responses

Any stimulus that increases the frequency of/makes stronger the behavior that follows

Works best if the consequence follows the behavior quickly after

Add something positive/good/pleasant

Reward

Ex: Getting a hug or receiving a paycheck

Remove something negative/bad/unpleasant

Often avoiding or escaping something

Ex: Putting a seatbelt on to stop the beeping

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

Ex: Get food when hungry, have headache go away

Secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its associations with a primary reinforcer

Ex: Money, good grades, pleasant tones

Each are linked to a basic reward, money --> food

Every time a correct behavior occurs, it is rewarded/reinforced 

Learning is rapid but extinction is rapid if rewards cease

Not every good behavior is reinforced always

Learning is lower but behavior is much more resistant to extinction

More like real life

Add something negative/bad/unpleasant as a result of an incorrect behavior

Ex: Spanking, parking ticket

Remove something positive/good/pleasant as a result of an incorrect behavior

Ex: Time out from privileges, revoked drivers license

1) Punisher is a discriminative stimulus - Only stop behavior in front of the punisher

2) Attention - Punishing may be a reinforcement by giving attention to a child

3) Fear and anxiety - Child may associate fear not only with the undesirable behavior but also with the person who delivered the punishment

4) Modeling - Physical punishment teaches children to solve problems with physically

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain tasks or when observing someone doing the same task

Can't be explained by behaviorists

Kids who watch adults beat up Bobo are more inclined to beat up Bobo given the opportunity

Observational learning

Media can alter attitudes/behaviors

Implications of Observant conditioning -> learning from media

Watching violence -> Increased aggressive behavior