Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

- Instinct Theory

- Drive Reduction Theory

- Arousal Theory

- Incentive Theory

- Focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

- Instinct - Automatic, unlearned, involuntary

- Complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

- Human behavior, flexibility learning:

- Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

- Focus on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact

- We are pushed by our "need" to reduce drive and pulled by incentives

- Need + Incentive = Strong drive

- Part of Drive Reduction Theory

- In an aroused state and need to reduce the need

- Aim for homeostasis

- Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

- Belief that people are much more than homeostasis system

- Motivated behaviors increase arousal

- Organisms act without any need-based drive

- Curiosity/Enjoyment arousal drive people forward

- Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal

- Not trying to eliminate it

- Too little stimulation --> Boredom

- Too much stimulation --> Stress

- Rather than explaining human behaviors, they are simply called instincts

- Fails to explain human motives and uses the underlying assumption that genetics predispose species

- Some behaviors are stronger than other

- Associated with the drive-reduction theory

- Consistent or ideal state

- Tendency to maintain a balance

- Some needs take priority over others

Hierarchy

1) Physiological

2) Safety

3) Belonginess/Love

4) Esteem

5) Self-actualization

- Once lower needs are satisfied, then we move on to satisfy higher needs

- During disasters we focus only on bottom level needs

- Situational influences

- Social Facilitation: People around us tends to make us eat more

- Taste preferences are determined by body chem, culture and environment

- Unit Bias: Different serving size affects how much people eat and weigh

The phenomenon that the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies

People tend to eat more when they are around people

- Biological way to remind us the body needs food

- Not only signal for hunger

- Form of sugar in the blood

- Provides main source of energy

- If low, feel hungry, brain triggers internal state

Hormone secreted by the pancreas

When levels increase, glucose decreases

Secreted by fat cells

When abundant, brain increases metabolism and decreases hunger

Secreted by the hypothalmus

Triggers hunger

Secreted by an empty stomach

Sends "I'm hungry" to brain

Secreted by stomach

Sends "I'm full" to brain

"Abstaining from eating"

Digestive tract hormone

Sends "I'm not hungry"

- Controls hunger

- Lateral Hypothalamus: 

- Ventromedial Hypothalamus:

- Brings on hunger

- Side of the hypothalamus

- If electronically stimulated, become hungry even if just ate

- If damaged, no interest in food

- Lower-mid hypothalamus

- Stimulated will stop eating

- Destroyed stomach and intestines process food more rapidly and cause animals to become extremely fat

Homeostasis body weight

When body falls below this weight, triggers hunger and lower metabolic activites might occur to restore the lost weight

Influenced by heredity

- BMR

- Amount of energy body burns at rest

- Semi-starved - Hunger will increase and energy expenditure will decrease

- Force-fed/overfed - Hunger will decrease and energy expenditure will increase

- Increasing exponentially

- Causes health problems

- Social/psychological implications:

- Discrimination

- Affects women more

- Causes

- Need fewer calories to maintain same weight

- Genetic predisposition;

1) Adopted kids are more like biological parents than adoptive

2) Identical twins are more alike than fraternal

- Biological systems affect weight

- Social influences

- Learn habits from family and culture

- Inactivity: lifestyle/jobs

- Larger portions in US

- Self starvation

- 85% of normal body weight

- Fear of gaining weight

- Always thinking about food

- Typical Characteristics:

- Teen women

- Perfectionists, high achievers, low selfesteem, depression, anxiety

- Parents typically are perfectionists, overprotective, high achieving, competitive --> lots of pressure on kids

- Binge and purge

- Escalates from starvation

- Normal or a little over weight

- Fear of gaining weight

- Always thinking about food

- Common Characteristics

- Young women

- Low self-esteem, depression, anxiety

- Families tend to have alcoholism, obesity, depression

- Always thinking about food

- Depression

- Anxiety

- Common among women

- Treatable with meds/psychologist

- Genetic predispostion

- Cultural influences - Not found in cultures that don't emphasize thinness

Age

- Anorexia - Mid-teens

- Bulemia - Late-teens/early adulthood

Weight

- Anorexia - 15% below norm

- Bulemia - Normal weight or a little heavy

- Don't impact sex drive

- If you're at a certain level you're sexually driven, no more after you hit that point

- Testosterone in female humans are more related to sex drive than for men or other female species

- If adrenal glands removed --> lower testosterone --> no sex drive

1) Excitement

2) Plateau

3) Orgasm

4) Resolution

5) Refractory period - Men

- Irish catholic culture

- Sexual behavior --> Repressed

- Against nudity

- Rare female orgasm

- Pacific island

- Encourages teens to engage is sexual activities

- High rate of female orgasms

Persons enduring emotional, romantic or erotic interests

- 3-4% gay, 1-2% lesbian, less than 1% bisexual

- Homosexual or heterosexual behavior does not make you gay or straight, its a fluid term

- May have influence

- Twins are more likely to have same orientation

- But only 50%, if genetics were only factor then it would be 100%

- Maternal gamily: Gay family tend to have gay children on mother's side

- Hormones don't differ between homo- and hetero- sexuals

- Can't be manipulated to determine or change orientation

- Circulating levels of hormones in adults are not linked with orientation

- Hypothalamus may be different

- Even if there is a correlation, there is no causation

- Right-handed males

- The more older brothers --> Greater likelihood gay

- Explained by antibodies

- Mother builds up antibodies against male tissue/fetus and gets to a point to effect brain development of future male fetus

- Environment does not effect children

- Gay parents do not effect kids orientation

- Attempts to alter orientation are ineffective

- Viral

- Can't get rid of

- Herpes, AIDS, HPV

- Bacteria

- Treatable, but can cause future problems if untreated

- Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis

Humans are social --> Messed up self-esteem

- Increased aggression/depression

- Decreased performance

- Increased pain tolerance

- Decreased empathy

Demonstrates the paradoxical effects of reward on achievement

- If you give someone a reward for something they already like doing, they do it less in the future

- Shifts motivation from intrinsic to extrinisic