Term
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Definition
scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
outward or overt actions and reactions |
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Definition
internal, covert activity of our minds |
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Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control |
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focused on structure or basica elements of the mind |
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Wilhelm Wundt's Psychology Laboratory |
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Definition
Germany in 1879 Developed the technique of object introspection |
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process of objectively examining and measuring one's thoughts and mental activities |
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Wundt's student; brought structuralism to America |
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Titchener's student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology |
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how the minds allows people to adapt, live, work, and play |
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Started Gestalt psychology studied sensation and perception |
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a field focusing not only perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving |
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Definition
the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud |
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Definition
proposed that there is and unconscious mind into which we push or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires these urges created nervous disorders stressed important of early childhood experiences |
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the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only *must be directly seen and measured |
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Definition
proposed Behaviorism *bases on work of Pavlov *believed phobias were learned |
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Definition
taught to fear a white rat |
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Seven Modern Perspectives |
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Definition
Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biopsychological, Cognitive, Sociocultural, Evolutionary |
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Psychodynamic Perspective |
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Definition
modern version of psychoanalysis *more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior |
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Definition
Skinner studied operant condition of voluntary behavior *Became a major force in the 20th century *Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement |
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Definition
*Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy *Founders-Abraham Maslow + Carl Rogers *Held the view that people have free will |
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Definition
the freedom to choose their own identity |
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Definition
Achieving one's full potential or actual self |
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Biopsychological Perspective |
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Definition
attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system |
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Definition
focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning |
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Sociocultural Perspective |
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Definition
focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture |
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Definition
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share *Looks at the way the mind works and why *Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value |
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Types of Psychological Professionals |
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Definition
Psychiatrist, Psychoanalyst, Psychiatric Social Worker, Psychologist |
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Term
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Definition
a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Frued and his method of psychoanalysis |
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Psychiatric Social Worker |
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Definition
a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse |
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Definition
a professional with a academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology |
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Definition
system of gathering data so the bias and error in measurement are reduced |
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Steps in the Scientific Method |
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Definition
Perceive the ?, Form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, Report the Results |
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Definition
tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations |
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Term
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Definition
watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment *Realistic picture of behavior |
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Term
Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation |
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Definition
Observer Effect, Observer Bias |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed |
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Term
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Definition
a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observe effect) |
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Definition
tendency of observers to see what they expect to see |
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Definition
people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias) |
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Definition
watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting |
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Definition
study of one individual in great detail *Phineas Gage- Famous study |
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Definition
researcher will ask a series of questions about the topic under study |
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Definition
randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects |
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Definition
the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher in interested |
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Definition
a measure of the relationship between two variable |
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Definition
anything that can change or vary |
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Term
Correlation Coefficient (r) |
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Definition
represents the direction of the relationship and the strength of the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
variable are related in the same direction *as one increases the other increases |
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Definition
variables are related n the opposite direction *as one increases the other decreases |
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Definition
a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships |
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Term
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Definition
definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured |
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Term
Independent Variable (IV) |
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Definition
variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment |
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Definition
subjects in an experiment that are subject to the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior |
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Definition
subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment |
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Term
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Definition
process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of the experiment's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results |
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Term
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Definition
group of psychologists or their professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study |
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Term
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Definition
making reasoned judgement abou claim |
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Four Basic Criteria of Critical Thinking |
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Definition
There are very few "truths" that do not need to be subjected to testing *All evidence in not equal in quality *Just because someone in considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not they are correct |
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Definition
systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence |
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Definition
reading bumps on the skull |
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Definition
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Definition
analysis of personality through handwriting |
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Definition
the unique and relatively stable way in which people think, feel, and behave |
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Definition
value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born |
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Term
Four Perspectives in Study of Personality |
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Definition
Psychoanalytic, Behavioristic, Humanistic, Trait Perspectives |
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Term
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Definition
level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious |
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Term
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Definition
level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other informations are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior |
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Term
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Definition
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, logical |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality that acts as a moral center |
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Term
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Definition
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result |
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Term
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Definition
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior |
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Term
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Definition
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal |
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Term
Psychological Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as origination with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings |
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Term
Four Perspectives in Study of Personality |
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Definition
Psychoanalytic, behavioristic, Humanistic, trait perspectives |
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Term
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Definition
Founer of the psychoanalytic movement in psych |
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Term
Divisions of consciousness |
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Definition
preciousness mind,conscious mind,unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others |
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Term
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Definition
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations |
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Term
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Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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Term
Compensation (substitution) |
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Definition
defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area |
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Term
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Definition
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
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Term
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Definition
fives stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child |
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Term
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Definition
first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated |
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Term
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Definition
second stage occurring from about 1-3 yrs of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops |
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Term
Anal Exclusive Personality |
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Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile |
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Term
Anal Retentive Personality |
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Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious (i want it now!) |
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Term
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Definition
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of society's standards for behavior |
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Term
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Definition
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, logical (resolve conflict, weigh consequences) |
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Term
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Definition
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality that acts as a moral center (conscience) |
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Term
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Definition
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior (Jesus, Ten Commandments) |
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Term
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Definition
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal |
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Term
psychological defense mechanisms |
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Definition
denial, repression, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, identification, compensation, sublimation |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situatioin |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
third stage occurring from about 3-6 yrs of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops |
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Term
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Definition
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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Term
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Definition
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets |
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Term
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Definition
Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it |
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Term
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Definition
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
developed a theory of a collective conscious |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's collective, universal human memories |
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Term
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Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving forces behind personality and developed birth order theory |
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Term
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Definition
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy |
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Term
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Definition
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory |
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Term
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Definition
developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as origination with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self or others |
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Term
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Definition
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations |
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Term
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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Term
Compensation (Substitution) |
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Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area |
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Term
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Definition
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior |
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Term
Freuds stages of personality development |
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Definition
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, genital |
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Term
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Definition
disorder in which the person doesnt fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
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Term
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Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child |
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Term
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Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child |
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Term
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Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child |
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Term
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Definition
first stage occuring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated |
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Term
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Definition
second stage occurring from about 1-3 of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is a source of conflict. Ego develops. |
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Term
Anal expulsive personality |
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Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile |
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Term
Anal retentive personality |
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Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn |
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Term
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Definition
third stage occurring from about 3-6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. |
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Term
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Definition
in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic |
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Term
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Definition
a set of learned responses or habits |
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Term
Social Cognitive Learning Theorists |
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Definition
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning |
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Term
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Definition
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models |
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Term
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Definition
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
individual's perception of how effective will be in any particular circumstance |
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Term
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Definition
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice |
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Term
Self-Actualizing tendency |
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Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality |
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Term
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Definition
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
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Term
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Definition
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
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Term
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Definition
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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Term
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Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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Term
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Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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Term
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Definition
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets |
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Term
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Definition
Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it |
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Term
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Definition
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
developed a theory of a collective unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others one's life |
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Term
Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
positive regard that is give without conditions or strings attached |
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Term
Conditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish |
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Term
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Definition
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving |
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Term
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Definition
first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
reduced the number of traits to between 16-23 with a computer method called factor analysis |
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Term
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Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species |
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Term
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Definition
Jung's collective, universal human memories |
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Term
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Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality an developed birth order theory |
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Term
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Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality an developed birth order theory |
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Term
|
Definition
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy |
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Term
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Definition
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory |
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Term
|
Definition
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span |
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Term
|
Definition
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span |
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Term
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Definition
in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic |
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Term
Social cognitive learning theorists |
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Definition
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning |
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Term
|
Definition
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models |
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Term
|
Definition
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
individual's perception of how effective will be in any particular circumstances (NOT the same as self-esteem) |
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Term
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Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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Term
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Definition
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality |
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Term
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Definition
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
model of personality traits that descrive five basic trait dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
the care a person give to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability |
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Term
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Definition
dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people |
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Term
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Definition
people who are outgoing and sociable |
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Term
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Definition
people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention |
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Term
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Definition
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and like able to grump, crabby, and unpleasant |
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Term
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Definition
degree o emotional instability or stability |
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Term
Trait-Situation Interaction |
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Definition
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a traits is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality |
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Term
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Definition
method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements |
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Term
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Definition
defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the oughts actually belonged to those other and not oneself |
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Term
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Definition
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind |
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Term
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Definition
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice |
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Term
Self-actualizing tendency |
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Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities |
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Term
Self-actualizing tendency |
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Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality |
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Term
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Definition
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
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Term
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Definition
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
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Term
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Definition
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life |
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Term
Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
ppositive regard that is give without conditions or strings attached |
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Term
conditional positive regard |
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Definition
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish |
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Term
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Definition
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli |
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Term
Theramtic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situation as the visual stimuli |
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concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and person experiences |
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assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting |
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assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale |
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assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted |
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paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test |
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bases on the five-factor model |
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
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Definition
based on Jung's theory of personality types |
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designed to detect abnormal personality |
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theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving |
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first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system |
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reduced the number of traits to between 16-23 with a computer method called factor analysis |
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aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality |
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five-factor model (Big Five) |
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Definition
model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions |
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one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new expiriences |
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one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new expiriences |
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the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability |
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dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people |
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people who are outgoing and sociable |
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people who are outgoing and sociable |
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people who prefer solitude and dislike to being the center of attention |
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the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasent |
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the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasent |
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degree of emotional instability or stability |
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trait situation interaction |
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the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed |
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a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality |
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Four basic dimensions of personality |
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Definition
individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance |
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method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion |
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tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements |
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defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting" one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those other and not oneself |
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personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind |
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projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli |
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theramtic appreciation test (TAT) |
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Definition
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli |
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Definition
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests |
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Term
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Definition
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests |
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Term
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Definition
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to a specific behavior that is listed in the scale |
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Term
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Definition
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted |
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Term
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Definition
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test |
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Term
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Definition
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test |
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Term
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Definition
bases on the five factor model |
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