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Definition
| Scientific study of behavior & mental processes |
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Definition
*Describe - what is happening
*Explain - why is it happening
*Predict - when will it happen again
*Control - how can it be changed |
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OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION
Wilhelm Wundt |
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Definition
| examine & measure personal thought and mental activities |
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STRUCTURALISM
Wilhelm Wundt |
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Definition
| structure (or basic elements) of the mind |
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Edward Titchener
Wundt's student |
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Definition
| Brought structuralism to America |
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Margaret Washburn
Titchener's student |
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| first woman to earn Ph.D in psychology |
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FUNCTIONALISM
William James
Influenced modern psychology |
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Definition
| how people work, play and adapt to surroundings |
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Gestalt psychology
Max Wertheimer
*Modern cognitive psychology |
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Definition
perception understood as a complete event
*perception, learning, memory, thought processes & problem solving (patterns seen by eye) |
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| Gestalt (German) translated as: |
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PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud |
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Definition
| Unconscious mind - helps gain insight into & change behavior |
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Definition
science of behavior
*studied digestive process, conditioned dogs to salivate to metronome |
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Definition
developed science of behavior
psychology focused on observable behavior
believed phobias were learned thru conditioning |
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| PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE |
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Definition
modern version of psychoanalysis
*focus on development of a sense of self
*motivations behind person's behavior |
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BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
B.F. Skinner |
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Definition
| how voluntary behavior is learned (reinforcement - response after doing something good or bad) |
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Definition
memory
intelligence
perception
thought processes
problem solving
language
learning |
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Definition
physical workings of brain & nervous system (when engaged in memory, thinking and other cognitive processes)
*using imaging techniques - MRI, PET |
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| SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE |
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Definition
| relationship between social behavior & culture |
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Definition
behavior as a result of biological events in the body
*influences of hormones, heredity, activity of the nervous system (mental events) |
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Definition
biological bases of mental characteristics all humans share
*mind is seen as information processing machine |
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Term
| Psychological professionals |
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Definition
*psychologist - academic degree; trained in psychology (counseling, teaching & research)
*psychiatrist - MD of psychological disorders
*social worker trained in therapy methods (masters degree) environmental conditions impacting mental disorders |
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Definition
*scientific gathering of data
*reducing bias & error in measurement of data |
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Term
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Definition
1.Perceive the question/form hypothesis
2.Form hypothesis
3.Test hyposthesis
4.Draw conclusions
5.Report results/ |
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Definition
| tentative explanation of phenomenon based on observations |
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Definition
| repetition of study or experiment to see if same result (to demonstrate reliability) |
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Definition
*Naturalistic observation
*Laboratory observation
*Surveys |
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Definition
watch humans or animals behave in normal environment
*Pros(realistic picture of behavior)
*Cons (observer effect) may behave differently when they know they are being observed |
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Definition
| animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally |
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Definition
| participant in the group being observed |
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Definition
| person doing observing has opinion about what they are going to see or expects to see |
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Definition
watching animals or humans in a laboratory setting
Advantages:
*control
*use of specialized equipment
*can lead to development of hypothesis
Disadvantages:
*artificial situation may result in artificial behavior |
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Term
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Definition
one individual is studied in great detail (and history of individual)
Advantage:
*great amount of detail
*good for studying rare conditions
Disadvantages:
*cannot apply results easily to similar individuals
*vulnerable to bias of researcher |
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Term
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Definition
researcher asks series of questions about topic of study to randomly selected people
*advantage-data from alot of people
*disadvantage-people not always accurate answers |
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| William James was heavily influenced by whom |
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Definition
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| Conditioning is a learned process from |
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Definition
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Definition
| random selected sample from larger group of subjects |
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measure of relationship between two variables
*correlation does not prove causation |
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| a number derived from the formula for calculation measuring direction and strength of the relationship |
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Definition
deliberately manipulate the variables/holding constant variables
(determining cause and effect) |
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Definition
| specifies steps or procedures used to control or measure experimental variables |
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Definition
| variable manipulated by experimenter |
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Definition
| represents measured response of the experimental manipulation |
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Definition
| subjects in experiment subjected to the independent variable |
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Definition
| subjects in experiment who are not subjected to independent variable |
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Definition
| assigning subjects to the experimental or control group randomly so each subject has equal chance of being in either group |
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Definition
| expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior |
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Definition
| experimenter's expectations unintentionally influence the study |
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Definition
| subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or control group |
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Term
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Definition
| neither experimenter nor subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group |
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