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| mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others |
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| mental representations that stand for objects or events and have picturelike quality |
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| ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
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| the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"; superordinate refers to highest in status or standing |
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| and example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or pear |
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| the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand; subordinate refers to the lowest in status or standing |
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| concepts that are defined by specific rules or features |
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| concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world |
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| an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept |
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| process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
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| Trial & error (mechanical solution) |
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| problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful ones is found |
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| very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
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| an educated guess based on prior experience that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem (aka "rule of thumb") |
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| assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category |
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| estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples |
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| heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference |
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| a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
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| the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past |
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| the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs |
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| the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways |
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| types of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
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| type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point |
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| the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems |
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| the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence |
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| the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence |
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| Triarchic theory of intelligence |
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| Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical |
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| the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving |
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| the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems |
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| the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful |
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| Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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| a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age then multiplying that quotient by 100 |
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| the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people |
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| the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure |
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| a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15 |
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| condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stafe than the skills of others who are the same chronological age; may also be referred to as developmentally delayed. this condition was formerly known as mental retardation |
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| the 2% of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically posessing an IQ of 130 or above |
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| the awareness of an ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled |
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| a system for combining symbols so that an unliited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others |
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| the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language |
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| the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences |
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| the smallest units of measuring within a language |
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| the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences |
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| the basic units of sound in language |
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| aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language |
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| Linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language |
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| theory that concepts are universal and influence the development and language |
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