Term
|
Definition
| A mental category that groups similar objects with similar properties |
|
|
Term
What is this an example of?
Budweiser, Corona, Miller are ______ of beer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A represenatative or best example of a concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and express a single idea. It's linked into networks of knowledge associations beliefs and exepecations.
concept: cars
Mary has 3 cars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It mirrors or resembles the thing it represents.
They can be visual images, auditory images, smell taste etc.. |
|
|
Term
| What is a congnitive schema? |
|
Definition
Think Pigat
An integrated mental network of knowledge beliefs and expectations about the world around you.
Gender Schema for example. |
|
|
Term
Pomerarians are smart.
Is that a concept, proposition, Cognitive schema or prototype? |
|
Definition
| Proposition ... It puts meaning to a single concept by linking it to a belief. |
|
|
Term
| Subconsious Thinking VS Nonconscious Thinking |
|
Definition
Subconscious thinking: mental process outside consciousness but is still accessible.
Nonconscious Thinking: mental process that is outside of conciousness and is not accessible. |
|
|
Term
| What thinking process allows us to do more than one task at a time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which thinking process is described?
Talking on the phone and driving. Being able to concentrate on the phone conversation and being able to drive without really paying attention to signs, turns, etc... |
|
Definition
| Subconscious Thinking Process |
|
|
Term
| What is insight and intuition? |
|
Definition
Insight: solving a problem without knowing how
Intuition- having a gut feeling that can not be explained |
|
|
Term
| If you solved a problem without knowing how you did it... Which thinking process is it ...Subconscious or Nonconcious? |
|
Definition
Nonconscious Thinking process
Insight |
|
|
Term
You have a gut feeling that something bad is going to happen and it happens.
What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
Intuition
Nonconscious Thinking Process |
|
|
Term
| Implicit Learning Vs Explicit Learning |
|
Definition
| Implicit learning is learning something without being able to say how or when you learned it. Explicit learning is learning and being able to recall exactly what and when it happened. |
|
|
Term
What type of learning is this?
Knowing how to walk. |
|
Definition
| Implicit learning. you know how to walk but you don't remember when or how you learned it. |
|
|
Term
What type of learning is this?
Getting a puppy for the first time. |
|
Definition
| Explicit learning. You remember all the details of getting the puppy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental inflexibility, intertia and obliviousness. We don't pay attention to everything going on at once. |
|
|
Term
What type of learning is this an example of?
Figuring out the best way to win the game without being able to explain it after? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The awareness of ones own thoughts |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways to reasoning rationally? |
|
Definition
| Formal reasoning, Informal Reasoning, Reflective Judgement |
|
|
Term
| What is formal resoning, informal reasoning and reflective judgement? |
|
Definition
Formal Reasoning: Information to reach a solution is specified and there is one right answer.
Informal reasoning: there are multiple approaches and no single correct answer
Reflective Judgement: critical thinking |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Formal Reasoning? |
|
Definition
ALgorithms, Logic
Algorithms- procedure will guarantee to get you a solution even if you don't know how it works
Logic: Inductive/Dedcutive Reasoning |
|
|
Term
You bake a cake without knowing how the ingredients in the recipe combine at a chemical level.
What type of Reasoning is this. Then state the specific. |
|
Definition
| Formal Reasoning ; Algorithm |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Informal Reasoning? and define them |
|
Definition
Heuristics/ Dialectical Thinking
Heuristics Rules of thumb
Dialectical Thinking looking at pros and cons |
|
|
Term
You are trying to figure out which is resturant you want to eat at by weighing the positives and negatives of each option.
Which reasoning is this. Be specific. |
|
Definition
| Informal Reasoning/ Dialectical thinking |
|
|
Term
| What is reflective judgment and list the 3 stages. |
|
Definition
Critical Thinking
1.Prereflective Stage
2. Quasi Reflective Stage
3. Reflective Stage |
|
|
Term
| Describe each of the 3 Reflective Judgment stages. |
|
Definition
1. Prereflective stage: assume there is a right answer and you obtain it by how you feel.
2. Quasi reflective stage: there isn't absolute certain answer and judgements should use evidences. But you only use evidence that supports your belief
3. Reflective stage: obtain evidence from a variety of sources |
|
|
Term
What reflective stage are you in:
You belief that Abortion is wrong. You only find evidence that supports your belief that Abortion is wrong and avoid evidence that justifies abortion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reflective judgement stage are you in?
I know that he will be a good president because It just feels right and thats what the news said. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What Reflective Judgment stage is described?
I belief abortion is wrong. I research this topic by looking at sources that agree and disagree with my beliefs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain what Inductive/Deductive reasoning is. Is this formal or informal reasoning? |
|
Definition
Inductive: Specific to conclusion
Deductive: General to specific
Formal/Logic |
|
|
Term
| Which is bottom up reasoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 barriers that keep you from critical thinking (reflective judgement)? |
|
Definition
| 1. exagerating the improbable 2 avoiding loss 3 confirmation bias 4 biaes due to mental st 5 hindsight bias 6. need for cognitive consistenccy 7. overcoming our cogitive biases |
|
|
Term
| What is exaggerating the Improbable barrier? |
|
Definition
| People exaggerate the likelihood of a rare event because it either results in something fantastic of terrible |
|
|
Term
Which barrier to reflective judgement is this?
Many people are REALLY worried about dying in a plane crash when a car accident is much more likely. |
|
Definition
| Exaggerating the Improbable |
|
|
Term
| Which two heuristics are responisble for the barrier exaggerating the improbable? |
|
Definition
Affect Heuristic : judging through emotion rather than probaility
Avalibility Heuristiic: judging probability by how easy it is for you to think of an example ofan instance. (it is more likely to remember castrophic and shocking instances) |
|
|
Term
| What is the avoiding loss barrier to Reflective Judgement? |
|
Definition
| People try to minimize risks and losses when making decisions. |
|
|
Term
Which barrier is this an example of?
When we say a condom is 95% effective people think its a good product. But, if you say it has 5% failure rate you decide its a bad product. Even though its the same thing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What barrier is this an example of. Be specific also.
We overestimate deaths in tornados and underestimate deaths from asthma. |
|
Definition
Exaggerating the Improbable
Availability Heuristic ( your remember castrophic events more) |
|
|
Term
| What is Confirmation Bias? |
|
Definition
| We tend to listen to facts that support our own beliefs. |
|
|
Term
What barrier is this described below?
I am critical of information that doesn't agree with my belief. |
|
Definition
| Confirmation Bias. (quasi reflective stage) |
|
|
Term
| What is the barrier Biases due to mental sets? |
|
Definition
| A tendency to try to solve new problems by using the same heuristics and rules that worked in the past on similar problems |
|
|
Term
| What is functional fixedness? and which barrier does it fall under? |
|
Definition
Functional Fixedness is the tendency to use familiar objects in creative ways.
Barrier: Bias due to mental sets |
|
|
Term
| What is the barrier Hindsight Bias? |
|
Definition
| The tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known. |
|
|
Term
Which barrier is describe below?
I knew it all along! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the barrier of reflective judgement "The need for cognitive consistency" AKA cognitive Dissonance? |
|
Definition
| Tension that is caused when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologicall inconsistent. Belief VS behavior. |
|
|
Term
| What is cognitive dissonance? |
|
Definition
| Its a barrier to Relfective Judgement. It is when a person realizes that they have a specific belief but they behave in the total opposite manner. The realization motivates them to become more consistent. |
|
|
Term
| What is post-decision dissonance? |
|
Definition
| Tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision. "Buyers remorse" |
|
|
Term
| What barrier is "Buyers Remorse" an example of and which type of dissonance is that? |
|
Definition
The need for cognitive consistency.
Post Decision Dissonance |
|
|
Term
What barrier is this an example off?
Someone believe that smoking is bad but they also smoke. To reduce this dissonance they either stop smoking or decide that smoking is not bad. |
|
Definition
| The need for cognitive consistency |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways to justify post decision dissonance? |
|
Definition
1. Justify someone else made the choice or decision
2. Justify behavior that conflicts with your view of yourself by saying everyone is doing it.
3. Justify that you put effort into the decision or choice. The more you suffer the more value to goal. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sternberg's triarchich Theory? |
|
Definition
The possession of 3 characteristics
1. possession of knowledge
the ability to efficiency use knowledge to reason
2.the ability to use that reasoning 3.adaptively in different environments |
|
|
Term
Who had this theory... what is the theory called?
The possession of 3 characteristics
1. possession of knowledge
the ability to efficiency use knowledge to reason
2.the ability to use that reasoning 3.adaptively in different environments |
|
Definition
| Sternberg's triarchich Theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A general ability to underlie specific mental abilities and talents. |
|
|
Term
| What is A general ability to underlie specific mental abilities and talents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was responsible for the mental age vs chronological age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He added items to measuring intelligence in humans by multiplying score by 100. |
|
|
Term
| How did Binet find the IQ? |
|
Definition
| Chronological age/Mental age |
|
|
Term
| The Psychometric Approach Pg 14 (CH7 Notes) Graph |
|
Definition
AVG IQ score 100, Standard Deviation 15
50% IQ more than 100
50% IQ less than 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Being aware of one's own cognatitive process.
Thinking about Thinking |
|
|
Term
| What is tactic Knowledge? |
|
Definition
| Strategies for success that are not expliticly taught but that are inferred |
|
|
Term
What type of cognitive approach is this an example of?
In college students have __________ about how to be a good student without being taught exactly how to be one. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Culture and testing. |
|
Definition
| Standardized testing shows gaps between different cultures. They don't really have a low IQ ... they probably just percieve things differently. |
|
|
Term
| What is Gardners Theory? List the 8 types of intelligence |
|
Definition
The Multiple intelligence theory
1. Musical Intelligence
2. Kinesthetic Bodily Intelligence- sports
3. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
4. Linguistic Intelligence - writers
5. Spatial Intelligence - navigator
6. Interpersonal Intelligence- Knowing other peoples emotional state Psychologists
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence- knowing your emotion Self aware
8. Emotional Intelligence-Inter/Intra personal intelligence |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 Orgins of Intelligence? |
|
Definition
1.Genes -High IQ are linked to genes and heritability
2.Environment- Poor prenatal care or stressful circumstance can cause low IQ scores
3. Attitudes/Motivation |
|
|
Term
| What is the Flynn Effect? |
|
Definition
| Recalibrate the test to 100 because IQ scores increase over time. Each time there is a increase the standard scores on IQ tests must be recalibrated |
|
|
Term
| What may cause the Flynn Effect? |
|
Definition
| Improved genetics inmproved medical care, education |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of tests? |
|
Definition
Achievement- measures what apreson has accomplished or learned in a particular area.
Aptitude measures a persons capability to learn certain things or perform certain tasks. SAT, GRE |
|
|
Term
| Stuffing your mouth with cotton candy, licking a lollipop and chewing on a piece of beef jerky are all instances of the ___________ eating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peter's mental representation of thanksgiving includes associations ( turkey), attitudes ( its time to be with relatives) and expectations (Im going to gain weight from all that food). They are all part of his __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zelda discovers that she has mistakenly called her boyfriend's number instead of her mother's. Her error can be attributed to ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the holiday gifts mervin bought this year cost more than they did last year. So he concludes that inflation is increasing. Is he using inductive, deductive, or dialectical reasoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yvonne is arguing with Henrietta about whether real estate is a better investment than stocks. You cant convince me says Yvonne. I just knwow I'm right. Yvonne needs traning in .... reasoning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seymour thinks that media have a liberal political bias and selena thinks they are too conservative. Well says seymour. I have my truth and you have yours. Its purely subjective. What reflective stage is seymour in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 2001 an Unknown person sent anthrax through the US post office. Many people become afraid to open their mail, although the actual risk for any given individual was extremly small. What heuristics help to explain this recation? |
|
Definition
| The affect and Avalibility Heuristic. |
|
|
Term
| Stu meets a young woman at the student cafeteria. They hit it off and get married. Stu "I knew that day when I headed for the cafteria that something special was about to happen. What cognitive bias is affecting stus thinking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Binets great insight? |
|
Definition
| Mental age does not necessary correspond to chronological age |
|
|
Term
| T/F IQ tests designed to avoid cultural bias have failed to eliminate average group differences in IQ scores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the psychometric approach? |
|
Definition
| focuses on how well people perfom on standardized apitude tests which are designed to measure the ability to acquire skills or knowleadge. |
|
|
Term
| Tracy does not have an unusually high IQ but at work she was quickly promoted because she knows how to set priorities. Tracy has ____ knowleadge about how to succeed on the job |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F If a trait such as intelligence is highly heritable within a group, then differences between groups must also be due mainly to heredity |
|
Definition
|
|
