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| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no mater how trivial or embarrassing |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and emories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; the ___ operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality; the ___ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents that internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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| the childhoos stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values ino their developing superegos |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switched unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
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| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann ___; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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| proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
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| according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
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| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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| a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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| empirically deprived test |
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| a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feelings helpless |
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| external locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces behind one's personal control determine one's fate |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that one controls one's own fate |
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| the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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| the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals ad communities to thrive |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
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| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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| a readiness to perceive onself favorably |
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