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(460-377BC)
Hypothesised the origin of personality was from a preponderance of one of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
Inferred from people with head injuries that the brain was the source of the human experience (pain, joy, grief and pleasure.) |
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(427-347BC)
Raised the issue of mind vs. body (dulism). This has been an enduring and difficult concept that has engaged many different branches of science in debate.
Believed all knowledge is inherited from past generations and all one has to do to reveal it is to ask the right questions. |
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(386-322BC)
Described the hierarchial relation between the 'parts' or 'functions' of the psyche: nutrition, perception, desire, movement, imagination and intellect.
First raised the issue of nature vs. nurture: disagreed with Plato & argued human baies are born tabula rasa. |
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(1596-1650)
Promoted the idea that human behaviour was not dominated by outside forces but from within.
We can see this in his early explanations in which he proposes some mechanisms in the brain (innacurate). |
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(1734-1815)
Associated with hypnosis.
Animal magnatism - life source |
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(1832-1920)
Founder of Psychology as a discipline in its own right.
Established first known psych lab in Leipzig university.
Genuine scientist - favoured empirical methods and experimentation.
Interested in perception - formed structuralism.
Interested in components of consciousness - ideas, images & sensations.
Instituted - 'trained introspection' as means of study - issues with subjectivity and verification. |
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Founded a movement he called functionalism.
Interested in the function of mental processes not just processes themselves.
Interested in the process of consciousness such as learning and perception.
Criticised Wundt's approach of introspection as too subjective and lacking in rigour. |
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Founder of the psychodynamic approach.
Distinguished between conscious and unconscious mind and first to really theories about unconsious.
Theorised about the role of mental conflict & its impact on behaviour particularly abnormal.
Founded the form of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis. |
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To do with dynamic interplay between mental energy & systems.
Psychic energy - energy from within the CNS that drives perception, thinking, emotions & motivation.
Instincts - innnate/natural conditions that impact energy & direction to psychological processes & behaviour.
The conscious vs. the unconscious
Freud argued that the mind was like an iceberg the bulk of which operated at a sub-conscious level - tip=conscious
As beings the unconscious is not transparent to us, but nevertheless affects us.
Mental disorders have their origins in the unconscious processes. |
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Greatest contribution - theory of counselling or therapy known as client centred therapy.
Client is in control & the active decision maker.
The therapist is the facilitator not an interventionist. |
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Motivation theory.
Hierarchy of needs.
The more human type needs were at the top of the pyramid.
self actualisation
esteem
need for belonging and love
safety
physiological |
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| 4 Dimensions of Behaviour |
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Overt motor component - behaving this way because of.
Cognitive component - thinking.
Affective component - feelings that are driving behaviour.
Physiological component - physically hapenning- not directly obvious. |
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* Human supersede the sum of their parts
*Humans have their being in the human context, therefore behaviour should be studied in social context.
*Humans are aware - emphasis on conscious
*Humans make choices
*Humans are intentional - it is through conscious intent humans structure identity
*Self
-Humanists believe the goal of life is to accomplish self development
-Self-understanding
-Self concept
-Self esteem
-Self actualisation |
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| The scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering & feeling) and behaviour. To understand a person attention must be paid to the individuals biology, psychological expereince and cultural context. |
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| Behavioural neuroscientists |
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| Investigate the electrical and chemical processes in the nervous system that underlie mental events. Their aim is to link mind and body, psyche and brain. |
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| Investigates the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as memory, emotion and stress. |
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| The extent to which different parts of the brain control different aspects of functioning. |
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| In 1836 he presented a paper that said that lesions on the left side of the brain were associated with aphasia or language disorders. |
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(1824-1880)
Discovered that brain injured people with lesions in the front section of the left hemisphere were often unable to speak fluently but could comprehend language. |
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(1848-1904)
Discovered taht damage behind the section that Broca found could cause another kind of aphasia. These individuals can speak fluently and follow rules of grammar, but they can neither understand language nor speak in a way that is comprehendible to others. |
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