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start from something smaller, and then our mind pieces it together to make a whole
ex - Letter 'A' is constructed from 3 black lines, brain percieves them as an A |
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We percieve something based on experience in the past
ex: The Cat |
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| Stimuli are below one's absolute threshoold and so they are not conscious of the sound it makes etc. |
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| Law: Stimuli must differ at a constant specific percentage to be percieved as different |
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diminished sensitivity due to repeated action
ex: put a bandaid on your arm, no longer feel it there |
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| transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses |
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hue = color
wavelength = distance form peak to peak |
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Energy in a wave, determined by amplitude
related to brightness
The greater the amplitude, the greater the intensity, the brighter the colour and the louder the sound |
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| Connects to the thalamus which sends signals to the visual cortex |
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Processing several things at once
ex: see a bird, wings, its moving, etc. |
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Frequency is determined by the wavelength
high freq= short wavelength (high pitch, blue waves)
low freq= long wavelength (low pitch, red) |
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One sense effects another
ex: taste and smell |
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kinesthesis
vestibular sense |
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Definition
1. sense of our body parts and their movemenet
2. monitors head position |
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| If raised without exposure to a specific sensory, later on have trouble percieving ti |
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Ability to adjust to an artificial visual field
ex:prism glasses |
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Learning to Associate a Response with a consequence
ex: thunder comes, so we wait for lightening, giving a seal a fish as a consequence of catching the ball will increase the action |
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Classical Conditioning (learning unit)
considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology. However, he underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints.
isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures. |
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- Behaviorist
- Used classical conditioning to develop advertising
- Little albert and the rat |
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Term
| Unconditional Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
stimulus that automatically triggers a response
ex: food |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
Unlearned natural response to an unconditional stimulus
ex: dig waters mouth bc of US food |
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Definition
Original neutral stimulus is associated with the Unconditional stimulus
ex: bell is associated with food |
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Learned response to the previously neutral stimulus, now the conditioned stimulus
ex:mouth waters to a bell |
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learning stage in which association is made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (bell) should be first, and then food
ex: onion - kiss - passion |
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Term
| Higher/Second Order Conditioning |
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Definition
Pair another conditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. It is much weaker.
ex: pair a tone with food, then pair light with tone, then when see light, mouth waters |
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Definition
| Unconditional Stimulus (food) is not given after the conditioned stimulus (tone), the conditioned response (salivating) stops |
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The tendency to respond to a stimuli that is similar to the condition stimulus
ex: dog vibrate |
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| Ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus (bell) and a similar sounding tone, a similar stimulus, but no conditioned response occurs |
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construction of human thought or mental processes
Animals learn the expectancy of something based on what they have experienced in the passed. |
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| Biological Predisposition |
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Definition
| Pavlov and Watson believed that pigeons and people could learn the same way. Later Behaviourists stated that learning is constrained by biological predispositions. |
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Definition
- forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events
- behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli |
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Law of Effect:
A response that produces a satisfying effect in a particular situation becomes more likely to occur again in that situation.
A response that produce a discomforting effect becomes less likely to occur again in that situation. |
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Term
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Definition
- Operant Conditioning
- based on Thorndike's Law of Effect
- developed Operant chamber/ Skinner box: box has a bar, when pushed, a reinforcer like food or water is released
- Skinner believed in inner thought processes and biological underpinnings, but many psychologists criticize him for discounting them.
- Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by external influences instead of inner thoughts and feelings. Critics argued that Skinner dehumanized people by neglecting their free will.
- introduced the concept of teaching machines that shape learning in small steps and provide reinforcements for correct rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
form of operant conditioining, where you give reinforcment to a specific action so tht it will continue to happen
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. |
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Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement |
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Definition
a) Add a desirable stimulus to get a resoponse
ex: getting a hug, recieving a pay check
b) Remove an aversive stimulus
ex: fastening seatbelt to turn off the beeping |
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Term
Primary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforer |
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Definition
a) innately reinforcing stimulus like food
b) something that recieves reinforcing power becaused it is associated with the primary reinforcer |
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Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
a) reinforces the desired response each time it occurs
b) reinforces sometimes when the action is done. Slower method of learning, but does prevent extinction. |
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Definition
| Reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses |
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Definition
Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
ex: gambling, fishing |
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Definition
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
note: interval = TIME |
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| Variable Interval Schedule |
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Definition
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses
ex: pop quiz
note = interval = TIME |
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Definition
a) increases behaviour
b) decreases behaviour |
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Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment |
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Definition
a) give an unwanted punishment
ex: a parking ticket
b) withdraw a desireable object
ex: take away license, timeout |
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Definition
| Rats seem to develop cognitive maps, or mental representations, of the layout of the maze (environment) based on latent learning. |
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| Learning only when there is incentive to do so |
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Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation |
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Definition
a) Lishma - desire to do behaviour for its own sake
b) desire to do behavior because of a reward or threat of punishment |
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Definition
Bobo Doll
- individuals (children) learn through imitating others (social learning theory) |
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