Term
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Definition
| breaking a word into parts rapidly enough to read the whole word- coupled with problems reading single, small words |
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Term
| Disorder of written expression |
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Definition
Often associated with problems with eye hand coordination
typically produce shorter, less interesting and, poorly organized essays
commonly found in combination with disorders in reading or mathematics |
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Term
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Definition
general term for learning problems that occur in teh absence of other obvious conditions
-DSMiv learning disorders and communication disorders
- affects how individuals of at least normal intelligence take in, retain, or express information |
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Term
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Definition
learning disorders is a diagnostic term that refers to specific problems in
-reading
- mathematics
- writing ability |
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Term
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Definition
difficulty recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts
- may have problems in visual spatial ability
- core deficits = arithmetic calculation and/or mathematics reasoning abilities |
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Term
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Definition
basic sounds
-42 in english languages |
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Term
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Definition
| broad construct that includes recognition of the relationship that exists between sounds and letters, detection of rhyme and alliteration, and awareness that sounds can be manipulated within syllables |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to learn and store as well as rules for combining sounds into meaningful units/words |
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Term
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Definition
-most common underlying feature is inability to distinguish or sperate sounds into spoken words
- lack language skills required for basic reading
- often errors in reversals, transpositions, inversions, and omissions |
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Term
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Definition
Formed in the brain when children hear phonemes repetitively
- 6 months: differentiate their own language
- 12 months: map is complete: infants have less ability to discriminate sounds not important to their own language |
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Term
| Short and long term effects on children with learning disorders |
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Definition
morel likely to drop out of school (40%)
behavior problems are 3x higher by age 8
significant deficits in social skills |
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Term
| Prevalence of learning disorders |
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Definition
2-10% of population
reading disorder - 5-17% of school aged children
mathematics disorder - 1% of school aged based on diagnosis, 5-6% based on test scores
Writing disorder - rare by itself; due to overlap with reading and math disorders. may affect at least 10% of school age children |
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Term
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Definition
More common in men (60-80% of all children diagnosed)
- likely reflects referral bias
Men with learning disorders perceive lower levels of social support
Women have more adjustment problems and face greater relationship difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
children who lack needed skills are more likely to have a parent with a related problems
- likely that subtle brain dysfunctions, which can lead to a learning disorder, are inherited
- high concordance rate among family members for learning disorders |
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Term
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Definition
- reading and language based problems associated with abnormalities in left hemisphere
- lower activation in areas responsible for understanding phonemes, analyzing words and automatically detecting word
- problems in processing underlying short-term memory and working memory |
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Term
| Social and psychological factors |
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Definition
co-occurring emotional disturbances and other signs of poor adaptive ability
- overlap between dyslexia and ADHD ranges from 30-70% - distinct and separate disorders
- some children with learning disorders show symptoms similar to ADHD |
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