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Concepts from chapter 1 reading that we're responsible for on the test: - basic biology of eukaryotic cells, genetic code - basic concepts in neurobiology incl: * neuron anatomy * membrane potential * action potential * synaptic transmission |
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| 2 brain regions that interact to regulate hormone release are the ___ and ___. |
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| 2 brain regions that interact to regulate hormone release are the hypothalamus and pituitary. |
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| 3 types of chemical messengers are: |
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3 types of chemical messengers are: neurotransmitters neurohormones hormones |
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Neurotransmitters are produced by ___ and released at a ___. 2 examples are: |
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Neurotransmitters are produced by neurons and released at a synapse. 2 examples are: dopamine & glutamate |
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Neurohormonse are produced by _____ (which are specialized ___) into circulation directly to ____. 2 examples: |
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Neurohormonse are produced by neurosecretory cells (which are specialized neurons) into circulation directly to another organ. 2 examples: oxytocin & vasopressin |
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Hormones are produced by ___ and released ____. 2 examples: |
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Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and released into the circulatory system. 2 examples: testosterone & corticosterone |
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| In the secretory process cells communicate by releasing chemicals via ___ -- the chemicals are packaged into ___ in the ___ and the ___, then released into ____. |
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In the secretory process cells communicate by releasing chemicals via exocytosis -- the chemicals are packaged into vesicles in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus, then released into the extracellular space. |
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| In exocytosis the ____ of vesicles ____s with the ___ of the cell. |
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| In exocytosis the membrane of vesicles fuses with the membrane of the cell. |
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Some general features of the endocrine system include: - ___ glands - a rich ___ - hormones are secreted into ___ - hormones can travel ____ - hormones bind to ___ |
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Some general features of the endocrine system include: - ductless glands - a rich blood supply - hormones are secreted into the bloodstream - hormones can travel throughout the body - hormones bind to specific receptors |
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An analogy to 'hormone vs. neurotransmitter' is: __ vs. __ |
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An analogy to 'hormone vs. neurotransmitter' is: Car vs. Train |
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| The 2 basic types of hormones are __ and __. |
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| The 2 basic types of hormones are steroids and peptides. |
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| 5 categories of steroid hormones |
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glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids androgens estrogens progestins |
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| 5 categories/examples of peptide hormones |
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arginine-vasopressin (AVP) oxytocin (OT) angiotensin, insulin leptin releasing factors (and more) |
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Size & membrane permeability of steroid vs. peptide hormones |
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steroid hormones are small and lipophilic & pass through cell membranes pepties hormones are large & can't pass cell membranes |
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| speed of steroid vs. peptide hormones |
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steroid hormones are slow (effects on the order of hours to days) peptide hormones are fast (effects on the order of milliseconds to minutes) |
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Which type of hormones have receptors in the nucleus and cause genetic changes related to protein production? Which type of hormones have receptors on the cell surface and use 2nd messengers to affect production of the cell especially at the golgi/ER? (Note: this is a generalization of the effects for each type) |
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Which type of hormones have receptors in the nucleus and cause genetic changes related to protein production? steroid hormones Which type of hormones have receptors on the cell surface and use 2nd messengers to affect production of the cell especially at the golgi/ER? peptide hormones (Note: this is a generalization of the effects for each type) |
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| A steroid hormone bound to its receptor affects ____ which affects _____ which affects _____ which affects ____ production. |
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| A steroid hormone bound to its receptor affects transcription which affects mRNA which affects translation which affects protein production. |
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Peptide/protein hormone receptors have 3 domains: - The __ domain binds the ligand - The other 2 are the ___ domain and the ___ domain |
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Peptide/protein hormone receptors have 3 domains: - The extracellular domain binds the ligand - The other 2 are the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain |
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| In the non-bound state, a metabotropic receptor is ___ to a ____. |
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| In the non-bound state, a metabotropic receptor is bound to a G-protein. |
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When a peptide hormone receptor binds a ligand it induces a __ change that __ the G-protein which activates a ___ such as ____. This component of the pathway will then either: - alter a __ pathway - turn on a ___ in the nucleus OR - open or close a ___ |
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Definition
When a peptide hormone receptor binds a ligand it induces a conformational change that releases the G-protein which activates a 2nd messenger such as cAMP. This component of the pathway will then either: - alter a metabolic pathway - turn on a gene in the nucleus OR - open or close a ion channel |
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One reason to care about hormone receptors is that __ cancers can be __ dependent. __ is a common treatment that blocks the __ for that hormone, preventing the growth of that cancer cell. |
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One reason to care about hormone receptors is that breast cancers can be estrogen dependent. Tamoxifen is a common treatment that blocks the receptor for that hormone, preventing the growth of that cancer cell. |
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| Learn the endocrine glands from slide 15 graphic |
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| What organ has recently been classified as an endocrine organ? |
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What protein produced by the skeleton earned the skeleton its classification as an endocrine organ? This protein regulates the absorption of __ and __. |
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What protein produced by the skeleton earned the skeleton its classification as an endocrine organ? Osteocalcin This protein regulates the absorption of sugar and fat. |
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| What are the 2 main parts of the adrenal gland? |
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| the cortex and the medulla |
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How many distinct zones are in the cortex of the adrenal gland? The cortex releases 2 ___s (__ & __) as well as ___s (____) |
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How many distinct zones are in the cortex of the adrenal gland? 3 The cortex releases 2 glucocorticoids (corticosterone & cortisol) as well as mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) |
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The medulla of the adrenal gland is part of the ___ and releases these 4 things: |
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The medulla of the adrenal gland is part of the ANS and releases these 4 things: epinephrine norepinephrine enkephalins endorphins |
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| The adrenal glands are on which organ? |
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| The primary product of the pineal gland is __. |
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| The primary product of the pineal gland is melatonin. |
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| In the pineal gland, __ cells function exclusively as __ structures. |
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| In the pineal gland, individual cells function exclusively as secretory structures. |
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| know where the pineal gland is located (slide 18) |
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| learn testes anatomy (slide 19) |
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In the biosynthesis of testosterone, the starting product is ___. The last step of the pathway in the 'adrenal and testis' segment of the pathway is ___ which is converted to ___ in the testis. Testosterone is converted to __ in the peripheral tissues by the enzyme ___. |
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Definition
In the biosynthesis of testosterone, the starting product is cholesterol. The last step of the pathway in the 'adrenal and testis' segment of the pathway is androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in the testis. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in the peripheral tissues by the enzyme 5a-Reductase. |
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In biosynthesis of steroids in the ovaries the starting product is __ (same as for testosterone). The two intermediates we need to know are __ and __, although there are many more intermediates AND there are actually TWO parallel pathways that lead to the final product with crossover from one pathway to the other being possible. The final product is called ___. |
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In biosynthesis of steroids in the ovaries the starting product is cholesterol (same as for testosterone). The two intermediates we need to know are progesterone and estrone, although there are many more intermediates AND there are actually TWO parallel pathways that lead to the final product with crossover from one pathway to the other being possible. The final product is called estradiol. |
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The placenta is a __ endocrine organ in female mammals that develops during __. It maintains __, __, and __ functions for the fetus. It secretes a number of hormones including ___ (1). It maintains __ __ function and __ secretion during pregnancy. |
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The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ in female mammals that develops during pregnancy. It maintains nutritional, respiratory, and excretory functions for the fetus. It secretes a number of hormones including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) . It maintains corpora luteal function and progesterone secretion during pregnancy. |
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Which gland is the 'master gland'? It controls hormone release from which other gland? And the hormones released from that other gland act on target organs to produce peripheral hormone release from which 3 other places? |
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Which gland is the 'master gland'? - the hypothalamus It controls hormone release from which other gland? the pituitary And the hormones released from that other gland act on target organs to produce peripheral hormone release from which 3 other places? the adrenal gland, the thyroid gland, and the gonads |
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| The hypothalamus receives information from ___ |
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| The hypothalamus interactis with TWO parts of the pituitary, the __ and the __, each of which is a unique interaction. |
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The hypothalamus interactis with TWO parts of the pituitary, the anterior and the posterior, each of which is a unique interaction.
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| The hypothalamus releases '___ing hormones' (which are the ___ hormone type) into a portal system that regulates the release of hormones from the __ pituitary. |
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| The hypothalamus releases 'releasinging hormones' (which are the peptide hormone type) into a portal system that regulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. |
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The hypothalamus releases ___ into the ant. pituitary which then releases ___ which causes the ___ glands to release ____. It also releases ___ to the ant. pit. which causes the ant. pit. to release ___. |
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The hypothalamus releases CRH into the ant. pituitary which then releases ACTH which causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol. It also releases GnRH to the ant. pit. which causes the ant. pit. to release LH. |
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The hypothalamus ____ peptides directly to the ___ pituitary. These 2 hormones are ___ (__) and ___ (___) and are released directly into the bloodstream to act on target organs. This differs from hormones released by the anterior pituitary because those hormones target yet another gland (the adrenals) which then releases the hormones that actually affect target organs. |
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The hypothalamus transports peptides directly to the posterior pituitary. These 2 hormones are oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) and are released directly into the bloodstream to act on target organs. This differs from hormones released by the anterior pituitary because those hormones target yet another gland (the adrenals) which then releases the hormones that actually affect target organs.
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Which 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? also: reviewing slide 29 diagram is good for understanding the concept differences between the ant. and post. pituitary. |
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Which 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? Prolactin (PRL) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) |
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___ released from the hypothalamus causes release of ___ from the anterior pituitary which causes release of ___ from the adrenal glands. This hormone released from the adrenal glands then provides ___ feedback to the __ and the anterior pituitary. This whole system is known as the ___ ____ . |
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CRH / corticotropin releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus causes release of AcH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary which causes release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. This hormone released from the adrenal glands then provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. This whole system is known as the HPA axis. |
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| negative feedback helps mediate systems and prevent the system from getting ___ of ___. |
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negative feedback helps mediate systems and prevent the system from getting out of control.
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