Term
| Two opposite veiws of addiction |
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Definition
1.Moral failure: addicts are people who choose drugs over work or family or society because they are weak or bad. 2.Medical model: addicts are victims of a chronic brain disease and cannot be expected to control their drug intake
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Term
| Three reasons why most people start taking drugs (though addiction is more than just drug-taking) |
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Definition
1.Experimentation: novelty-seeking, exploration, fasion 2.Hedonics: drug effects as desired rewards (want to obtain liked/pleasurable effect) 3.Medication: to relieve unpleasant states (anxiety, stress, depression, pain)
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Term
| Costs to taking drugs are discounted because of three things... |
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Definition
| future (i'll worry about it tomorrow), uncertainty (not all people that smoke get cancer), to society not self (taking drugs isn't bothering me) |
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Term
| What is the Physical Dependence Hypothesis? What presents a problem with this theory? |
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Definition
| Hypothesis that people take drugs to avoid unpleasant somatic withdrawal symptoms. Problems include that not all drugs are associated with substantial withdrawal symptoms and what about relapse--withdrawal symptoms are gone by then but person still goes back to drug. |
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Term
| What are the Distress Symptom Reduction theories of addiction? |
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Definition
| Drug use is sustained to avoid unpleasant psychological or somatic symptoms associated with withdrawal, due to adaptations in the brain reward system. |
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Term
| What two factors are key to diagnosing substance dependence in the DSMIV? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three problems with classifying dependence as addiction. |
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Definition
1.People and animals self-administer drugs that are too low to produce clear dependence. 2.The extent and nature of withdrawal symptoms is highly variable between different classes of abused drugs. 3.In every case, withdrawal only lasts a short time, but the liability to relapse lasts much longer (many years)
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Term
| How does a drug-associated cue play a role in relapse? |
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Definition
Drug related cues can produce a "mini-withdrawal" -- sight of heroin can induce chills, etc...effects opposite to those of the drug. ..but some drugs induce drug-like reactions.. |
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Term
| What is the Incentive-Sensitization theory (Berridge)? Can it explain the persistance of relapse? |
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Definition
Initially neutral cues gain motivational significance when paired with rewards--they become attractive an wanted..so repeated drug use leads to sensitization in the brain system...want the drug more and more. "Craving"=abnormally strong wanting resulting from sensitization of the brain system, triggered by drug-related cues. Persistent tendency to relapse reflects the known persistence of sensitization. REMEMBER: according to this theory, wanting is NOT the same as liking or choosing!...addicts don't take drugs because they LIKE them |
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Term
| Problem with the Incentive-Sensitization theory |
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Definition
In animals, the sensitization of wanting and motivation has been seen...but in humans, there is little evidence for the sensitization of purely wanting...If wanting is sensitized, why aren't drug addicts also addicted to food or sex? Robinson/Berridge argue that there are seperate systems for the wanting of drugs that other wantings. |
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Term
| Connections from _____ to _____ appear especially important for guiding goal-directed behaviors. |
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Definition
| Connections from the prefrontal cortex to the medial/ventral striatum appear especially important for guiding goal-directed behaviors. |
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Term
| Overall, ____ is critical for all kinds of decision making, all of which are modulated by ___. |
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Definition
| Overall, the basal-ganglion loops are critical for all kinds of decision making, all of which are modulated by dopamine. |
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