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a compasslike instrument used to measure tactile sensitivity. Two points can be stimulated simultaneously. The task of participants is to report whether they feel both points or only one.
Used by Ernst Heinrich Weber |
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| In Wundt's pschology, an apperception is an active set of associations marked by intelligent direction within a larger context. |
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| a psychophysical method that permits a participant to manipulate a variable stimulus until it appears to match a standard stimulus |
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| method of constant stimuli |
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a psychophysical method in which comparison stimuli are judged against a standard stimulus.
the task of the participant is to specify whether each of the comparison stimuli are equal to, greater than, or less than the standard |
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| the principle advanced by Wundt that psychical combinations are not a mere sum of elements. Rather, a combination of associations includes new attributes not predictable from the sum of the elements. |
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The minimal stimulus difference that is detectable 50% of the time
-Researchers studying two-point thresholds in the skin used the aethesiometer
-How much distance and change between the distance-how much change has to occur before the person to detect the movement
The people being assessed only felt one point even though there was two points on them |
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| an abstraction referring to a simple irreducible sensation |
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| Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) |
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-His Elements of Psychophysics, one of the great original classics in psychology,
-set forth a systematic approach to psychophysics.
-Developed new methodologies in psychophysics
*The method of limits
□ Had to do with thresholds
*The method of constant stimuli
*The method of average error (aka The method of adjustment)
-Still taught in experimental psychology programs |
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| A mental sensation is a logarithmic function of the stimulus multiplied by a constant |
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Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
(1821-1894) |
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○ An innovator in physics, physiology, and psychology
○ Rejected vitalism and argued that psychological phenomena are physical in nature
○ Conducted extensive research in visual perception
§ How we organize these visual stimuli
○ Developed new methodologies and new instruments
§ Ophthalmoscope
○ Argued infants learn about the world through extensive experience and unconscious inferences
○ Developed the stereoscope and studied depth perception and binocular vision
○ Contributed to the trichromatic theory of color vision
○ Pioneered research into auditory perception |
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Wundt's position that an ongoing behavioral sequence must often be understood in terms of an ever-shifting pattern of primary and secondary goals
ex: a cat chasing a mouse may suddenly find it necessary to compete with a partner, overcome an unexpected barrier, or avoid danger.
Ends, goals, and purposes keep changing. |
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| the view that mind is manifested in all material movement |
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| just noticeable difference (jnd) [Weber] |
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the smallest detectable difference between a standard stimulus and a comparison stimulus.
*two point thresholds demonstration |
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| Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) |
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*a student of Wundt.
*Created an influential classification system of psychiatric disorders and made numerous contributions to psychiatry and psychopharmacology
* Advanced a theory of schizophrenia
* Work would eventually lead to Alzheimer's research
* Argued against psychoanalysis
□ Psychopathology has organic causality |
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*a psychophysical method whereby a standard stimulus presented in both ascending and descending series.
*it measured the quantitative limits of the variable stimulus values that appear to be greater than, less than, or equal to the standard stimulus
*Had to do with thresholds |
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| a hypothetical sensory representation by means of which one can detect the position or locus of one part of a sensory surface relative to other points on that surface |
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Rudolph Herman Lotze
(1817-1881) |
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○ Wrote the first book in physiological psychology
○ Pioneered work in the perception of space and depth |
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James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879) |
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Scottish physicist who demonstrated that he could match any spectral value with various mixtures of red, green, blue
He contributed directly to the Young Helmholtz theory of color vision |
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| an instrument designed by Hermann von Helmholtz for viewing the interior of the eye, especially for the retina |
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| • The study of the relationships between stimuli and the psychological impressions of those stimuli |
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In psychophysics, equal intervals on a physical scale may be experienced as a diminishing series
*Illustrated in the experience of a diminishing series associated with a three way light |
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Edward Wheeler Scripture
(1864-1945) |
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As Wundt's students, identified four fundamental processes of associations: preparation, influence, expansion, and after effect.
He later had a productive cararee as a psychologists at Yale University, Clark University, and as a phonetician in Europe |
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| According to Wundt, an element of consciousness referring to a simple awareness of stimulation |
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*Developed by Hermann von Helmholtz and
studied depth perception and binocular vision
*an instrument that produces a three-dimensional effect by simultaneously presenting slightly different two-dimensional views to the left and right eyes |
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| that stimulus intensity (or change in intensity)that is detected 50% of the time |
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| Tridimensional theory of feeling |
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| According to Wundt, a theory of feeling marked by three fundamental directions: pleasure and pain, strain and relaxation, and excitation and quiescence |
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*technical term for the system of psychology advanced by Wilhelm Wundt.
*Voluntary behaviors are those that are varied to meet the demands of varying circumstances
○ Wundt defined psychology as the science that investigates "the facts of consciousness"
§ Psychology must discover the elements of consciousness
□ Then must discover possible combinations of elements
§ Element: a simple sensation (hear a sound)
§ Sensation: a combination (aka compound) of outward sense impressions
§ Idea: a combination (aka compound) arising from memory, early associations, and other sources
§ He questioned the distinction of ideas and perceptions |
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Ernst Heinrich Weber
(1795-1878) |
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*Well-known nineteenth-century physiologist who was the first to establish a quantitative relationship between experience of those stimuli.
*Weber's book, The Sense of Touch, launched the field of psychophysics
○ Used the aethesiometer
○ Studied tactile stimulation
Studied the sense of touch
○ Demonstrated that different locations on the body have different two-point threshold
Depended too on how the points of the aethesiometer were placed on the skin
○ Investigated the just noticeable difference between stimuli in a variety of modalities
§ The difference threshold
E.g. how much weight to I have to add to what your holding before you notice that I am adding something |
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§ When the aethesiometer was run across a sensitive area the assee were report that the points were not moving, when they were in fact moving
□ If it ran across an insensitive area the exact opposite would happen
§ Sensitive area: seeming point convergence
§ Insensitive area: seeming point divergence
§ They were mapping sensory receptors and how the mind can create these false sensations
* The perception that two points of a compass appear to move apart when the compass is moved over an insensitive area of the skin. By contrast, the two points appear to move together when the compass is moved over sensitive areas of the skin |
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| First quantitative law in psychology |
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Lightner Witmer
(1867-1956) |
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One of Wundt's students
§ Applied Wundt's ideas to pain and to the special learning problems of children with mental disabilities
§ Opened the first clinic run by a psychologist
§ Was the first to see scientific psychology as the basis for a helping profession
□ Considered to be the founder of clinical psychology |
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Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
(1832-1920) |
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*Founder of the first psychology laboratory that functioned for a sustained period of time
*advanced the first systematic vision of psychology known as voluntarism
*first to be thought of as a psychologist
*founder of modern psychology |
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| English physiologist who formulated the trichromatic (red, green, blue) model of color vision. He speculated that retinal structures must therefore be specialized for color primaries |
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| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory |
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*Young's theory that color vision is produced by separate receptor systems on the retina that are responsive to primary colors (red, green, and blue-violet).
*Maxwell and Helmholtz supported Young's theory in the 19th century |
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