Term
| Quantitative Differences in Gender |
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Definition
-more men than women hold a paid job or earn an income
-men continue working throughout their lifetime, and their family situation hardly affects their working life, while women sometimes stop working or start working fewer hours when they get married, but esp when they become moms
-men work on average, longer hours than women
men in general work full time
women (esp women with children) usually work part time
-women earn less than men
job sectors women tend to work in usually have lower salary rates
even in same job women often earn lower wages than men |
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Term
| Qualitative Differences in Gender |
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Definition
Qualitative Differences concern the type of jobs that men and women hold
1st men and women tend to work in different occupations
-women are relatively found in healthcare and social services, education, public administration, and retailing
-men are more often technicians, engineers, finance professionals and managers
2 - men and women tend to work at different job levels
-the higher the position in the organization, the less women you'll find.
-women in high managerial positions are scarce, especially in top management.
Glass Ceiling Effect - a hard but invisible barrier seems to hold capable women back from reaching the top |
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Term
| 20th century opinion of psychologists was: |
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Definition
women were less intelligent than men.
women were physically unfit for certain types of jobs |
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Term
| Helen Thomson: Monograph "Mental Traits of Sex" |
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Definition
study focused on: motor ability, intelectual capacity, and affective processes
Conclusion of study: only slight differences occur showing male (motor ability) and female (memory) superiority
-thomson concludes: these differences are not due to capacity or mental activity but to differences in the social influences brought to bear on the developing individual from early infancy to adult years.
t |
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Term
| Study by Leta Hollingsworth: mental and motor abilities of women during menstruation |
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Definition
| careful and exact measurement does not reveal a periodic mental or motor inefficiency in normal women |
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Term
| Conclusion of Hollingsworth experiments |
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Definition
1 the differences between men and women are not as large as psychologists mostly assumed
2 biology is not that important
3 social influences play a large role in causing gender differences in work behavior. Many assumed differences reflect what we now call gender stereotype |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations about the typical characteristics and behaviors of men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| kind, emotional, helpful, "Communal" |
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Term
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Definition
| aggressive, decisive, and independent. "agentic or as expressive and instrumental" |
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Definition
Descriptive: how we think men and women are
Prescriptive: bias occurs in reaction to counter-stereotypic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Descriptive: how we think men and women are
Prescriptive: bias occurs in reaction to counter-stereotypic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when gender stereotypes lead to the expectation that a woman does not have the (masculine) characteristics assumed to be necessary for a certain job |
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Term
| Gender stereotypes are, in general, rather good descriptions of the average man and woman. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
task specific judgements of one's capability to achieve a certain level of performance.
-these beliefs start to develop at a young age. women tend to focus on doing things right. men forcus on doing the right things. |
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Term
| Theory of reasoned action |
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Definition
behavior is best predicted by intention to perform that particular behavior. intention determined by:
-person's attitudes
-subjective norms |
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Term
| Gender typing of applicants |
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Definition
if a female applies for a masculine job, her chances of getting the job are reduced if she shows herself as being feminine
-if a male applies for a masculine job, his chances of getting the job are NOT reduced if he shows himself as being feminine. |
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Term
| people think of a man or woman when they think of a manager? |
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Definition
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Definition
| subordinates follow rules and procedures and maintaining high standards of performance |
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Term
| men's failure vs women's failure |
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Definition
men's failure: bad luck
women's failure: incompetence |
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Term
| factors related to high prevalence of chronic illness |
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Definition
| 1/3 of patients do not adhere to prescribed medical regimen. |
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Term
| ways social psychologists can contribute to improvements in health and life expectancy: |
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Definition
| prevention, persuasion, promote adherence to medications |
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Term
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Definition
| if a patient learns most std's are easy to treat they do not conclude an std is as serious as it is |
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Term
| what motivates a person to prevent getting a serious disease? |
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Definition
| high vulnerability and high seriousness |
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Term
| positive outcome expectations |
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Definition
| estimates the benefits of unhealthy behavior. ex. man uses condom. never be blamed for having transmitted a sexual disease |
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Term
| self efficacy expectation |
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Definition
| people's perception of their ability to perform a behavior |
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Term
| what is the best predictor of behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| student that drinks a lot is found to be attractive |
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Term
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Definition
| persuasive message that stresses the danger of a certain action to induce fear and that recommends a specific action to avoid the danger. |
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Term
| computer tailored persuasion |
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Definition
| persuasion of an individual through a message composed by a computer taking into account information from an individual assessment. |
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Term
| Tailoring working mechanisms |
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Definition
Adaption: refers to tailoring content information
Feedback: refers to several methods of providing a person with information or interpretations of information in reaction to the input of the person.
Personalization: incorporating recognizable individual features in the content information |
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Term
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Definition
gain: framed appeal: focus on the benefits of performing the behavior. more persuasive when behavior is perceived to afford a relatively certain outcome. preventative: gain-framed. i.e sunscreen
Loss-framed appeal: focus on the costs of failing to perform the behavior. more persuasive when health behavior is perceived to involve some risk or uncertainty. screening behaviors. loss framed. i.e. mamography |
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Term
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Definition
1996 - 43% of men and 56% of women were dissatisfied with overall appearance.
1972 - 15% and 23% |
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Term
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Definition
| people have a fundamental desire to evaluate opinions and abilities ad strive to have stable, accurate, appraisals of themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| compare to someone similar |
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Term
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Definition
| compare to someone better off. have a decrease in body satisfaction |
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Definition
| compare to someone worst off. increase in personal body satisfaction |
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Term
| True of false: those with low self-esteem are more likely to engage in social comparison and are less satisfied with their looks than those with high self esteem |
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Definition
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| elaborates on social comparison theory by proposing that the schemas individuals use determine how they interpret information, and what information they acquire. |
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Definition
| a mental set or representation that organizes and guides the processing of relevant information. ex. being thin is important. ex. my appearance is responsible for much of what happens in my life. |
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Definition
| refer to feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with ones body |
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Definition
| refer to the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral importance of the body image for one's self evaluation. |
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Term
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Definition
| refer to the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral importance of the body image for one's self evaluation. |
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Term
| best way to prevent body image problems |
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Definition
| build self-esteem and exercise! |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals try to alter the source of stress. more men use this. more effective to both sexes over time. regardless of gender, those with more masculinity tend to use this strategy. |
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Term
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Definition
| people relate emotional responses to the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| people relate emotional responses to the stressor |
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Term
| true or false: depressed individuals are more likely to engage negative social comparison targets |
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Definition
| true: more likely to engage in upward comparison that emphasize inferiority. if they downward compare, they identify with target, confirming feelings of inadequacy |
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Term
| study: depressed and non depressed individuals read stories about people overcoming depression |
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Definition
non depressed people felt better after reading about hard work to achieve this.
depressed individuals felt better after reading about low-effort to achieve this |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals will attach themselves to their intimate partner in the way they attach themselves to their care giver |
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Term
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Definition
| employs scientific methods to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| employs scientific methods to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others |
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Term
| industrial and organizational psych (I/O) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| individuals derive part of their identity from the social groups they belong to |
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Definition
| behaviors and styles as an exchange between leader and follower |
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Term
| task oriented leaders do best in: |
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Definition
| predictable clear task or chaotic conditions because if goal is already met they can relax, and in chaotic situations they can get the group moving |
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Term
| interpersonally oriented leaders do best in: |
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Definition
conflict situations among group members
task is unclear
establishes good relations among group |
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Term
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Definition
| leader as a motivator - assuming different people have different needs |
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Term
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Definition
| friendly and approachable |
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Term
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Definition
| consults with subordinates |
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Definition
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Definition
| makes decisions and announces expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| leader evaluates behavior in relation to subordinates ability and willingness |
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Term
selling style
telling style
participation
delegation |
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Definition
selling: both person and task oriented (be very motivated) with low ability and low motivation people
telling: task oriented (be very directive) with low ability and high motivation people
participation: task oriented, high ability, and low motivational people
delegation of responsibility: neither task or person oriented. high ability and high motivation people |
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Term
| normative model of leadership decision making |
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Definition
focuses on leaders role in decision making. group participation depends on knowledge, skill, support for leader, and time.
Autocratic 1 - leader makes decisions alone
Autocratic 2 - leader collects relevant information from subordinates and then makes the decision alone
Consultative 1 - leader shares the problem with individuals getting recommendations from each other before making the decision alone
Consultative 2 - leader shares the problem with the group and asks for recommendations. leader still makes the decisions alone.
Group - leader and team discuss issue together and jointly come to a decision |
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