delusions

hallucinations

unsuitable behavior

aggressiveness

poverty of speech

indifference/carelessness

The nervous system has these 2 parts:

A)

B)

part A includes:

I)

II)

The nervous system has these 2 parts:

A) CNS

B) PNS

part A includes:

I) Brain

II) Spinal Cord

The PNS includes these 3 components:

1)

2)

3)

Component 1 is divided into:

A)

B)

The PNS includes these 3 components:

1) Autonomic NS

2) Somatic NS

3) Enteric NS

Component 1 is divided into:

A) Sympathetic NS

B) Parasympathetic NS

- receives sensory information from body

- controls skeletal muscles to enable movement

'Fight or flight' is which NS?

Which higher-level NS is this NS a part of?

'rest and digest' is which NS?

which higher-level NS is this NS part of?

Parasympathetic NS which is part of the Autonomic NS

The enteric NS of the autonomic NS innervates the viscera.

3 examples:

1)

2)

3)

The enteric NS of the autonomic NS innervates the viscera.

3 examples:

1) gall bladder

2) pancreas

3) gastrointestinal tract

A dermatome is an area of skin.

How many nerves are responsible for sensation from a dermatome?

How many nerve roots of the spinal cord are involved?

ONE

 &

ONE

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

Spinal cord anatomy:

- we know dorsal = rear ventral = front

we know dorsal = sensory / ventral = motor

But if you wanna know it for real

you'll need to study slide 8!

Sensory neurons connect the sensory receptor to the spinal cord.

 In the gray matter, sensory synapses to interneuron synapses to motor neuron.

Motor neuron goes to muscle.

Main point: brain not involved

(implications: involuntary; is FAST)

The Parasympathetic ANS

is mainly about (all caps):

handles normal functions like (1):

main NT:

mainly about MAINTENANCE

normal fxns like digestion

main NT: Ach

The Sympathetic branch of ANS

is mainly for (all caps):

main NT:

mainly for ACTION

(it's the fight or flight branch)

main NT:  NE

If the brain were a globe then

the north pole would be _______

and the south pole would be _______.

north = dorsal

south = ventral

Brain anatomy terms for front & for rear

front = Rostral OR anterior

back/rear = Caudal OR posterior

(just like at dental lab)

In terms of brain anatomy & orientation,

lateral means:

&

medial means:

lateral refers to the sides of the brain

vs.

medial means more toward the middle

(thus a location at the extreme left OR right would be considered 'lateral')

dendrites

synapses

cell bodies

the winding 'bumps' of the outer cortex are known as ________ and the grooves between them are called _______.

Inside one of the grooves, the side or wall is called a _____ and the area at the very bottom of the groove is called a ______.

bumps = gyri

grooves = sulci

sulcus wall = Bank

sulcus bottom / lowest point = Fundus

If viewing the brain from the side,

and you intended to slice the brain into 2 pieces,

a Coronal slice would be like getting

the _____ & ____ hemispheres

while an axial/horizontal slice would be like

gettting the ____ & ____ hemispheres.

coronal = eastern & western

axial/horizontal = northern & southern

If viewing the brain from the front (ie looking at the 'face'),

a sagittal slice would be like getting the ____ & ____ hemispheres.

Brain is divided into 2 hemispheres by

the _______  _______ which is so

deep it goes all the way down

to the _____  ______.

divided by the interhemispheric fissure

which is as deep as the corpus callosum

Corpus callosum means 'hard body', a name given due to function it was originally thought to serve: _____.

It's actual role is to integrate info

between the left and right _____ ______.

original fxn:  structurally support the 2 hemispheres

actual fxn: integrate info btw l & r 'cerebral cortices'

The ____ is buried in the Sylvian Fissure.

It contains the primary ___ cortex

& is involved in _____ processing.

insula

primary TASTE cortex

emotional processing

Brodmann's 52-area map was based on

1-

2-

3-

cell morphology

density

&

layering

tract tracing - identify cnxn btw regions

(for microanatomy)

retrograde - inject to axon terminal, travels back to soma

anterograde - inject into soma, travels to terminals

retrograde - HRP

anterograde - 3H-Leucine

Functional anatomy:

categorizes brain regions based on their function (go figure)

distinguishes between primary and

secondary ____  _____s and ______ areas.

medial geniculate nucleus (sound)

lateral g.n. (vision)

ventral posterolater nucleus & ventral posteromedial nuc. (touch)

ventral posterolateral nucleus

& "" posteromedial ""

Example of thalamic processing:

in the LGN, ______ representation of info is maintained

but

info is segregated by retina receptor type such as ____ vs. _____  _______

spatial

color vs. brightness sensitivity

V1

area 17 of striate cortex

An experiment:  radioactive glucose was injected into monkey bloodstream then monkey shown an image; then brain 'developed' like a photograph.

What did the photograph contain/show and

what is the term for this phenomenon?

showed a map of the retina reproduced in the brain

term = retinotopy

the 2 visual processing streams/pathways

1.  'what' = ____ recognition. (____ stream = occipito-______)

2. 'where' = ___ localization.  (___ stream = occipito-_____)

what = obj. recog. --------  ventral stream = occ-temporal

where = spatial loc. -----  dorsal stream = occ-parietal

Wilder Penfield

(elec. stimulation)

In the somatosensory cortex, S1 gets input info from _____ about touch, temperature, limb position, & pain.

S2 gets input from ____ to do ____  ____ processing.

Specifically it integrates ____ & ____ info and ____ & _____ side info.

thalamus

input from S1 - higher order processing.

integrates sensory & motor info and left & right body side info

Prefrontal cortex handles:

____ / ____ control

_____ memory

________

high-level control of _______

** Is considered part of the ________  system.

planning / motor control

working memory

attention

ctrl of behavior

part of limbic sys.

compared to animal brains, humans have

significantly ?? more / less ?? volume devoted to association cortex areas?

When dividing the cortex based on anatomy:

- it's known as the field of __________

 - all regions have __ or __ layers of cells (called _____) their ________ varies by region as do the ____ & ____ of cells there

- A __________ Map divides cortex based on anatomy like this.

field of cytoarchitectonics

5-6 layers, called laminae whose thickness varies as do the size & shape of cells there

-Broadmann Map uses this system

Memorize the systems that are mostly 'subcortical' (6)

("little b****y children make people mad" )

Limbic system

Basal ganglia

Cerebellum

Midbrain (inc. superior & inferior colliculi)

Pons

Medulla

"little b****y children make people mad"

The limbic system handles __________ processing

and _________ & _______ .

emotional processing

learning & memory

In general,

Basal ganglia & other subcortical nuclei are for ____ control and cognition (_____ memory, ______ functions).

But also,

the ____  _____ helps to inhibit responses

and the ____  _____ produces dopamine.

motor control; ...   working memory and executive fxns

subthalamic nucleus - inhib. responses

substantia nigra - makes DA

the Cerebellum is impt. for

maintaining _____

_______

_______ed movements

________ rehearsal

maintaining posture

walking

coord. movements

subvocal rehearsal