Term
The Story of Attachment Research
1a. Four Stages of Attachment – come from john bowlby |
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Definition
1. Orientation without discrimination (first 2 to 3 months) – Will signal to any available adult. Don’t have any preferences
Four Stages of Attachment
2. Orientation with discrimination (2 to 6 months of age) – Begin to show preferences, will begin to signal more to mom or dad more so than strangers.
Four Stages of Attachment
3. Safe-base attachment (6 mon. to 3 years) –Activity seek to be near favorite caregiver, follow them around, cling to them. Will get visibly distressed when parents leave them. Show stranger anxiety.
Four Stages of Attachment
4. Goal-corrected partnerships (3 years and up) – Begin to understand the feelings and motives of caregivers. Understand relationship should become more bidirectional
Example – Sometimes caregivers are busy and have conflicting demands. |
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Term
Fathers, Day Care, and Attachment
2a. Attachments with Fathers |
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Definition
11 studies of attachments – Babies are just as likely to form secure attachments with fathers as mothers. Study involved 710 infants, study of secure and insecure 65% had secure attachments with fathers 34% had insecure. Same exact rate for mothers.
type of infant attachment – If secure with mother then secure with father, same with insecure.
Why the consistency – Could just be characteristics of child, could be that mom and dad are similar in caregiving. |
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Term
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Definition
research conducted during the 1980s – Found that infants who spend more than 20 hours a week in daycare, they were slightly more likely to have insecure attachments to mother.
Day Care and Attachment
Findings for daycare vs. home care – Majority of kids in daycare had secure attachments to mothers but the percentage of insecure was still higher.
Day Care and Attachment
Recent large-scale nationwide study – Found that it does increase the risk of insecure attachments but only when it was combined with parenting that was less warm and responsive.
Findings for daycare vs. home care – Majority of kids in daycare had secure attachments to mothers but the percentage of insecure was still higher |
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Term
Early Attachment and Long-Term Outcomes
University of Minnesota Study –Alan Sroufe did study |
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Definition
Study method – Did a study of low income families that were recruited in Minneapolis in the 1970s Observe kids with their mothers in strange situations. Test at 12 months and 18 months. Did studies for life
At preschool age, securely attached rated as:
1. More likely to be happier,.
2. Socially skilled
3. Competent
4. Compliant
5. Empathic
6. Popular with peers
7. Higher self esteem
8. Less dependent and negative |
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Term
Findings in Adolescence and Beyond
Secure Adolescents -
Secure early adulthood -
insecure attachments - |
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Definition
Secure Adolescents - More likely to be leaders in social groups. Longer lasting dating relationships
Secure early adulthood – Reported greater satisfaction in romantic relationships.
insecure attachments – More emotional and psychological problems, including anxiety disorders and depression. |
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Term
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) – Mary Main did the study
four types of adult attachment |
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Definition
1. Autonomous – Have detailed thoughtful memories of childhood. Often of loving relationships with parents. Many times they will talk about the positive influence their parents were in lives. When they talk of maltreatment they also speak of forgiving parents.
2. Dismissing –Adult minimizes negative childhood experiences, dismiss the impact of childhood on them, Insist they cant remember childhood events. Memories may be a bit contradictory. Have idealized parent images not necessarily supported by memories.
3. Preoccupied –Adults are still entangled with past parent relationships, remember childhood events, but their stories are not always coherent adults may still be dependent on parents or angry about past events or both.
4. Unresolved – Confused or disorientated when speaking about loss of loved one, or about past traumas.
Secure vs. insecure – Consider first category autonomous to be secure and the rest insecure |
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Term
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Definition
How freely do you discuss your early relationship.
How active or passive are your responses |
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Term
Types of Temperament
1a. Thomas and Chess Classification System - How did they do the study. |
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Definition
The children they studied – Started in 1956 did a longitudinal study started with 141 children from 85 new York families
Diversity of study sample – Added several hundred children from working class Porto Rican parents, premature children, and with physical neurological and intellectual disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
Detailed interviws with parents about children
Identified 9 dimensions of temperament. Could score high, medium or low for each dimension. Together scores create a profile of how children primarily react to environment. |
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Term
| Three General Types of Temperament |
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Definition
1. The easy temperament: 1a. – The easy temperament primarily positive
1b. – Smile easily
1c. – Positive flexible approach to new situations.
1d. –Adapts well with change
1e. – Regular patterns of eating and sleeping
The difficult temperament:
2a. – Frequently negative and easily frusterated
2b. – Withdraws from new situations,.
2c. - slow to adapt to change
2d. – Irregular patterns of eating and sleeping
The slow-to-warm-up temperament – When you introduce them to something new, their reaction is to withdraw, but if you push it and encourage it they will warm up to it. Less emotional, more regular, in-between kids. |
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Term
| % of different temperaments? |
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Definition
Numbers % easy – 40%
% difficult – 10%
% slow-to-warm-up – 15%
The remainder – Don’t fall nicely into any category, have own constellation of temperament. In some cases there is a particular characteristic that dominates personality such as activity level/ attention span. |
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Term
| Rothbart’s Temperament Dimensions for Infants and Children |
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Definition
| Infant Behavior Questionnaire – Report frequency of specific behaviors and their children from 3 to 12 month of age. This is a survey and is quicker method consists of 96 times. |
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Term
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Definition
| – During the past week how long did your baby smile and laugh. Ranging 6 points never to always |
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Term
| six dimensions of temperament |
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Definition
1. Activity level
2. Smiling and laughter
3. Fear
4. Frusteration
5. Soothability
6. Duration of orientating |
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Term
Rothbart’s Temperament Dimensions for Infants and Children
Newer dimensions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Measuring how constant the dimensions are across the first year of life. |
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Term
| Kagan’s Work with Shy Children |
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Definition
| Did a study with extremely shy children. Presented 16 week infant with unfamiliar stimuli, strong odors unfamiliar voices, bright toys in front of face. Kagan study –About 20% acted strongly to experience. |
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Term
| Highly reactive infants of Kagan's work |
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Definition
| Found children longitudal, about 1/3 of those kids at 1 to 2 years of age were very fearful in laboratory setting, and those kids at 4 years were very shy. As adolescence they had an increase risk of developing social phobia. Can essentially predict if child will be shy or outgoing as an adolescent. |
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