Term
| Parenting 1a. Physical Control versus Psychological Control |
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Definition
| Physical control – use of physical means to control your child: hitting, spanking, pushing Psychological control – guilt, humiliation, love withdraw, emotional manipulation |
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Term
| study of Chinese families – gender issues with these kinds of control |
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Definition
| - fathers who used physical control had sons who were more aggressive with peers, no effect on daughters -moms who used psychological control had daughters who were more likely to be physically and emotionally aggressive toward peers, no effect on sons |
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Term
| Authoritative Parents – best parenting style - warm/loving and exert firm control |
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Definition
| -monitor kids closely -high expectations -expect mature behavior -discipline methods are more supportive rather than punitive |
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Term
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Definition
| clear communication between parent and child, ask child for their perspective, potentially willing to negotiate rules |
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Term
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Definition
| child hits another child – 4 year old hits another child on the playground; authoritative would call the child over and start with “why did you just hit the other child?” |
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Term
| How they would communicative parents deal with the situation |
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Definition
| Child says, took my toy, so parent say, I understand why you are upset but we have a rule in our house that there is no hitting, you never hit another person and you know there is consequences when you break the rules so no TV tonight -rational, calm, consistent |
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Term
| Authoritarian Parents – cold but expect firm control; control is usually more punitive |
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Definition
| Hitting example – usually this person will hit their children telling them not to hit people; don’t care what the kids perspective is |
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Term
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Definition
| harsh and punitive -not interested in a discussion -don’t care why you did it -not interested in the child’s perspective -do what I say and don’t question |
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Term
Authoritarian Parents
Outcome for children – (compared to authoritative kids) |
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Definition
| -kids feel trapped and angry but afraid to confront their parents -tend to do worse in school -more likely to be hostile and aggressive to peers -less independent |
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Term
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Definition
| warm/loving but have little or no control -don’t set a lot of rules and if they do they do not enforce them -want to avoid any confrontation with their children -don’t require children to act mature or responsible for their age -justify style by saying they would rather be a friend to their child |
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Term
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Definition
| may call kid over and say, we don’t hit other kids right? Kid says ok and then kid goes back to play |
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Term
| permissive-indulgent parents |
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Definition
| at the extreme where these parents encourage misbehavior in their children (someone hits/hit them back |
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Term
| Child outcomes of permissive parents. |
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Definition
| more likely to be impulsive, do worse in school, less self assured, less independent, less confident |
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Term
| Rejecting/Neglecting Parents – |
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Definition
| cold but also do not have control, don’t set or enforce rules but also rejecting |
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Term
| Two substyles of Rejecting and Neglecting parents |
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Definition
two substyles: 1. Rejecting – harsh and actively reject their children
2. Neglecting – ignore their children and don’t fulfill responsibilities as a parent |
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Term
| Rejecting/neglecting parents may be: |
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Definition
1. Parent that is under a large amount of stress – so wrapped up they don't have time for their kids
2. Not committed to the task of raising children – had them but never really wanted them
3. Suffering from depression or some other psychological disorder |
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Term
| Outcomes for children of rejecting neglecting parents |
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Definition
| tend to fair the worst of all compared to ALL other kids -show higher rates of delinquency, alcohol and drug use, early sexual activity, do poor in school, problems in peer relations, and cognitive development |
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Term
| Type of Time Spent father and mother |
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Definition
Fathers – spend a majority of their time playing Mothers perform more: 1. Feeding
Type of Time Spent
2. Bathing
3. Dressing
4. Transport children places
5. Help with homework
6. Supervision of children’s play
Play – Mom’s still play with them more than Dad’s because of total hours spent -Dad’s more rough and tumble physical, mom’s are more play with toys and verbal interaction
male monkeys – like more rough and tumble play with their offspring |
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Term
| Culture – some societies where physical play doesn’t occur: |
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Definition
| Sweden, Israeli Communities, Kibbutz’s, China, Malesia, India, The Aka People (central Africa) |
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Term
| 3. Sibling Relationships 3a. Do Siblings Become Closer Over Time? |
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Definition
| Girls – sisters are more likely to become closer over time, more warmth and closeness as get older Boys – more distant over time |
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Term
| Importance of sibling subsystem – |
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Definition
| important part of the family and effects all in the family -can effect parent’s marital relationship -can be a positive influence too supportive |
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Term
| Marital Conflict and Divorce |
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Definition
Statistics – each year in the US there are 47% as many divorces as there are marriages – held steady for the last 15 years
In 2001 – 61% of children lived with their married parents (biological or adoptive) 6% was one parent and one step parent experience divorce before they are 16 years old – White: 38%, African American: 75% |
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Term
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Definition
| parents or anyone that works with kids needs to understand what the effects of divorce are on children b/c a decent number of kids will experience this |
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Term
| Problems for Divorced Children show more problems, including: |
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Definition
1. Emotional problems – kids more likely to have feelings of depression, distress, grief, anger, anxiety, shame, fear of abandonment, and feeling responsible for the divorce 2. Behavior – more likely to show disobedience, aggression, anti-social behavior, criminal behavior, and lack of self control
3. School – lower grades, lower attendance, more likely to drop out
4. Profession – less likely to go to college, generally have a lower income as an adult
5. Higher rate of teen pregnancy
6. Adult relationships – lower marriage rates, higher cohabitation rate, higher divorce rates
Size of difference – small to moderate in size compared to non divorced parents but consistent over several decades -child most likely not fall into all these things |
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Term
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Definition
not the divorce itself that causes the negative outcome it is the characteristics of the parents – it’s the parents poor traits that cause the kids problems and the divorce -parents negative traits lead them to be selected out of marriage
Example: abusive father – negative effect on you as a child, b/c abusive mother will leave him and get a divorce – negative effects on kids occurred whether parents got divorced or not b/c based on the poor parenting traits |
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Term
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Definition
| both models play a role – other models states that divorce causes the stress therefore negative outcomes so both models are correct -sleeper effect: Kids may seem fine for a while but doesn’t really hit them until they are older |
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Term
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Definition
| Importance of Family – central role family takes, especially extended family Example: Latino parents – personal identity is inseparable from the larger identity of the family -Latino teens report a stronger obligation to help family |
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Term
| African American families tend to show: |
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Definition
1. Strong sense of family and family obligation
2. Fluid household boundaries – willing to have relatives move in and out 3. Frequent interaction with relatives4. Frequent extended family gatherings
5. Strong sense of mutual aid and support
obedient and loyal to their parents, place family above individual needs |
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Term
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Definition
| obedient and loyal to their parents, place family above individual needs |
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Term
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Definition
Family helps them cope with discrimination and diversity
-living in urban areas, organize around several households and relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| African American parents and Latino families – tend to rely on physical punishment and obedience to authority -tends to be a bit associated to living in poverty in dangerous neighborhoods |
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Term
| Lower class vs. middle class |
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Definition
| lower class whites more likely to be authoritarian -middle class African Americans more likely to be authoritative -not so much a race issue but more an income issue -authoritarian used to emphasize the importance of school |
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Term
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Definition
| Mothers in China – tend to be more restrictive and controlling; focus on kids failures rather than successes but more likely to spend more time with the kids Chinese Americans – fall somewhere between, traditional Chinese and more liberal European American practices |
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Term
| Chao’s cross-cultural studies |
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Definition
found that Chinese parents in US tend to have a strict style of parenting but not harsh and punitive chiao shun and guan – chiao shun means training/teaching and guan means to govern or to care for with love
Chao’s |
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Term
| Chinese style vs. white authoritarian style |
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Definition
| Chinese style is projected with good outcomes and superior school performance -some have argued that the parenting styles earlier are for white middle class culture |
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Term
Self-Care
1a. Latchkey Kids |
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Definition
You are a child who comes home after school and let yourself into empty house and supervise and monitor self till parents get home.
Friends – Go to friends house where parents are not present
Public places – Some kids go to mall/park/gas station/etc. Adults around that are not responsible Babysitters/after school programs – Technically supervision but if babysitter sick or program canceled, they go home by themselves. |
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