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| Any characteristic/ condition that can take on a different value. |
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| Identifies a measurable procedure for measuring an exterior behavior & uses the resulting measurement as a def. and a measurement of a hypothetical construct |
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| The complete set of all individuals of interest in a study. |
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| A subset of the population. |
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| A set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information. |
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| The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter. |
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Definition
consist of seperate, invisible category.
EX: number of children in a family; students attending a class. |
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Definition
Infinite number of possible values.
EX: time, height, weight. |
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Definition
-Unordered set of categories.
-identifies if things are same or different.
-not related to each other.
-EX: Academic majors |
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- Ordered set of categories
- identifies direction of difference between things.
- EX: small, medium, large. |
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-Same as ordinal but w/ equal size intervals.
- Identifies direction & magnitude of difference.
- EX: temperature. |
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- Same as interval, but with an absolute 0 point.
- Allows ratio comparison.
- EX: height and weight? |
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Definition
- X= individual scores obtained from participant.
- N= population size
- n= sample size
- Σ= sum of all of them?
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Term
| Frequency Distribution Table |
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Definition
- X column: value from highest to lowest. no breaks
- F column: count number of each value. Sum of = n.
- 3rd column: (%) proportions for each category. p = f/n
- 4th column:(C%) percent of dist. corresponding to value. p*100
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Term
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Definition
- Bimodal: two means (humps)
- symmetrical
- Positively skewed: scores pile towards the left ( mouse facing the left)
- Negatively skewed: scores pile towards to right. (mouse facing right) |
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| Measures of central tendency |
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Definition
( a single score that defines the center of a distribution.)
-Median: the midpoint
-Mode: the most frequent score
-Mean: the average. M or μ = ΣX/N
(M is used for sample/ μ for population)
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| How do extreme scores impact the mean, median, & mode? |
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Definition
Mean: it distorts the mean. b/c it is a total of all of the scores
Median: relatively uneffected
Mode: book didn't say |
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Measures of Variability:
Range |
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Definition
- The total distance covered by the distribution.
- Highest value - lowest value + 1 |
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Term
Measures of variability:
Deviation |
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Definition
- The distance from the mean
(X-μ) |
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Term
Measures of Variability:
Standard Deviation |
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Definition
- The average or typical distance from the mean.
- the square root of variance
-pop: square root SS/N
take the square root of σ²
(X-μ)^2
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Measures of variability:
Variance |
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Definition
- The mean squared deviation
Sample: S2= SS/ n-1
pop: σ² = SS/N |
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| How do scale transformations impact the SD? |
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Definition
- + or - (nothing happens)
- * or / (+ or - SD) |
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Term
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Definition
- The number of values free to vary when computing a statstic
- n-1: corrects the bias of sampling variability.
df= n-1 |
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Term
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Definition
- Location of scores and SD
-if its a + raw score = ABOVE mean
- if its a - raw score= BELOW mean
Z= X-μ/σ |
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Term
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Definition
- The original, unchanged score that is the direct result of measurement (X).
X= μ + zσ |
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| Standardized distribution |
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Definition
- Composed scores that mave been transformed to create a predetermined value for σ and μ.
- Used to make dissimilar distributions comparable |
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