Term
| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) |
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Definition
| The statistical procedure used to evaluate differences among three or more treatment means by breaking the variability in the data into components that reflect the influence of error and error plus treatment effects |
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Definition
| Statistical test between specific treatment groups that was anticipated, or planned, before the experiment was conducted |
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| Between-groups variability |
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Definition
| The degree to which the scores of different treatment groups differ from one another (that is, how much subjects vary under different levels of the IV); a measure of variability produced by treatment effects and error |
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Definition
| A nonparametric, inferential statistic that tests whether the frequencies of responses in our sample represent certain frequencies in the population; used with nominal data |
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| A range of values above and below a sample mean that is likely to contain the population mean with the probability level (usually at 95% or 99%) that the mean of the population (the true mean) would actually fall somewhere in that range |
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Definition
| The value of the test statistic that must be exceeded to reject the null hypothesis at the chosen significance level |
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| The number of members of a set of data that can vary or change value without changing the value of a known statistic for those data |
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Definition
| The variability within and between treatment groups that is not produced by changes in the independent variables; variability produced by individual differences, experimental error, and other extraneous variabiles |
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Definition
| A test statistic used in the analysis of variance; the ratio between the variability observed between treatment groups and the variability observed within treatment groups |
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Definition
| The effect of one independent variable changes across the levels of another independent variable |
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Definition
| The action of a single independent variable in an experiment; the change in the dependent variable produced by the various levels of a single factor |
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Definition
| An average squared deviation; a variance estimate used in analysis of variance procedures and found by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of freedom |
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| Mean square between groups |
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Definition
| The variance across different treatment groups produced by error and treatment effects; found by dividing the sums of squares by the degrees of freedom |
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| Mean square within groups |
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Definition
| The variance within a single treatment group; produced by the combination of sources called error |
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Term
| One-way between subjects ANOVA |
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Definition
| Statistical procedure to evaluate a between subjects experiment with three or more levels of a single independent variable |
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| One way within subjects ANOVA |
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Definition
| Statistical procedure used to evaluate a within-subjects experiment with three or more levels of a single IV |
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Definition
| Statistical test performed after the overall analysis indicates a significant difference; used to pinpoint which differences are significant |
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Definition
| A term describing a statistical test that can be used without increasing the probability of Type I and Type II errors even though its assumptions are violated |
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Definition
| A statistic that relates differences between treatment means to the amount of variability expected between any two samples of data from the same population; used to analyze the results of a two group experiment with one IV and interval or ratio data |
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Term
| t test for independent groups |
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Definition
| A statistic that relates differences between treatment means to the amount of variability expected between any two samples of data from the same population |
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Term
| t test for independent groups |
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Definition
| A statistic that relates differences between treatment means to the amount of variability expected between any two samples of data from the same population |
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Term
| Within groups variability |
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Definition
| THe degree to which the scores of subjects in the same treatment group differ from one another |
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Definition
| An independent variable in a factorial design |
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Definition
| An experimental design in which more than one independent variable is manipulated |
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Definition
| An interaction effect involving more than two independent variables |
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Definition
| The effect of one independent variable changes across the levels of another IV can only be detected in factorial designs |
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Definition
| The action of a single independent variable in an experiment; the change in the dependent variable produced by various levels of a factor |
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Definition
| A system that uses numbers to describe the design of a factorial experiment |
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Definition
| The simplest factorial design; having two independent variables |
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Term
| Across subjects counterbalancing |
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Definition
| A technique for controlling progressive error that pools all subjects data together to equalize the effects of progressive error for each condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial counterbalancing technique for constructing a matrix of sequences in which each treatment condition (1) appears only once in each position in a sequences and (2) precedes and follows every other condition an equal number of times |
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Definition
| A process of randomization that firsts creates treatment blocks containing one random order of the conditions in the experiment; subjects are then assigned to fill each successive treatment block |
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Definition
| The persistence of the effect of a treatment condition after the condition ends |
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| Complete counterbalancing |
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Definition
| A technique for controlling progressive error that uses all possible sequences that can be formed out of the treatment conditions and uses each sequences the same number of times |
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Definition
| A technique for controlling order effects by distributing progressive error across the different treatment conditions of the experiment; may also control carryover effects |
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Definition
| Changes in performance caused by fatigue, bordom, or irritation |
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| Latin square counterbalancing |
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Definition
| A partial counterbalancing technique in which a matrix or square of sequences is constructed so that each treatment appears only once in any order position |
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Definition
| A factorial design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects factors |
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Definition
| Changes in subjects performance that occurs when a condition falls in different positions in a sequence of treatments |
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| A technique for controlling progressive error by using some subset of the available sequences of treatment conditions |
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| The chance of detecting a genuine effect of the independent variable |
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Definition
| Change in subjects performance resulting from practice |
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Definition
| Changes in subjects responses that are caused by testing conditions; includes order effects, such as the effects of practice or fatigue |
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Term
| Randomized partial counterbalancing |
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Definition
| The simplest partial counterbalancing procedure in which the experimenter randomly selects as many sequences of treatment conditions as there are subjects for the experiment |
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Definition
| A technique for controlling progressive error for each individual subject by presenting all treatment conditions twice, first in one order, then in the reverse order |
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| Subject-by-subject counterbalancing |
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Definition
| A technique for controlling profressive error for each individual subject by presenting all treatment conditions more than once |
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Definition
| A design in which each subject takes part in more than one condition of the expeirment |
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Term
| Within subjects factorial design |
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Definition
| A factorial design in which subjects receive all conditions in the experiment |
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Term
| Coefficient of determination |
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Definition
| In a correlational study, an estimate of the amount of variability in scores on one variable that can be explained by the other variable, r squared |
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Definition
| The degree of relationship between two traits, behaviors, or events, represented by r |
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| A study designed to determine teh correlation between two traits, behaviors, or events |
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| Linear regression analysis |
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Definition
| A correlation-based method for estimating a score on one measured behavior from a score on the other when two behaviors are strongly related |
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Definition
| Statistical inter-correlations among three or more behaviors, represented by R |
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| Multiple regression analysis |
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Definition
| A correlation based technique from multiple correlation that uses a regression equation to predict the score on one behavior from scores on other related behaviors |
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Definition
| An analysis that allows the statistical influence of one measured variable to be held constant while computing the correlation between the other two measured variables |
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Definition
| The line of best fit; represents the equation that best describes the mathematical relationship between two variables measured in a correlational study |
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| A graph of data from a correlational study creating by plotting pairs of scores from each subject |
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| Relationships between pairs of scores from each subject |
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| A descriptive method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose |
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| The descriptive record of an individual's experiences, behaviors, or both kept by an outside observer |
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| A form of case study in which deviant individuals are compared with those who are not to isolate the significant variations between them |
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| Contemporary phenomenology that relies on the researcher's own experiences, experiential data provided by participatns, or other available sources such as literature or popular media; a qualitative approach |
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Definition
| How well the findings of an experiment generalize or apply to people and settings that were not tested directly |
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Definition
| A nonexperimental research method used in the field or in a real-life settings, thypically employing a variety of techniques including naturalistic observation and unobtrusive measures or survey tools, such as questionnaires and interviews |
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Definition
| A type of group interview; it is an organized discussion sessiopn with a small group of people, usually led by a trained facilitator |
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Definition
| The certainty that the changes in behavior observed across treatment conditions in the experiment were actually caused by the independent variable |
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Definition
| A descriptive, nonexperimental method of observing behaviors as they occur sponteanously in natural setting |
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Definition
| The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular descipline at a point in time |
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| Participant observer-study |
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Definition
| A special kind of field observation in which the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied |
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Definition
| A nonexperimental method of gathering data by attending to and describing one's own immediate experience |
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| Research that relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected; it focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts |
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Definition
| The tendency of subjects to alter their behavior or responses when they are aware of the presence of an observer |
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| Data collected in the present based on recollections of past events; apt to be inaccurate because of faulty memory, bias, mood, and situation |
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Definition
| A system for recording observations; each observation is recorded using specific rules or guidelines, so observations are more objective |
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Definition
| A procedure used to assess subect's behaviors without their knowledge |
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| A statement that is always true |
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Definition
| A statement that is always false |
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Definition
| The process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances; most useful for testing the principles of a theory |
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Definition
| Concluding section of the research report, used to integrate the experimental findings into the existing body of knowledge, showing how the current research advances knowledge, increases generalizability of known effects, or contradicts past findings |
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| A statement that is a tentative explanation of an event or behavior; it predicts the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measured behavior |
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| A statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental results |
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| A statement that leads to new studies |
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| The thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables |
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| The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis |
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Definition
| Begining section of a research report that guides the reader toward your research hypothesis; includes a selective review of relevant recent research |
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Definition
| The development of ideas from hunches; knowing directly without reasoning from objective data |
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Definition
| A statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research finding about individual topics |
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| Nonexperimental hypothesis |
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Definition
| A statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect |
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| A statement that is simple and does not require many supporting assumptions |
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| A periodical that publishes individual research reports and integrative research reviews, which are up-to-date summaries of what is known about a specific topic |
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| The knack of finding things that are not being sought |
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| A statement that can either be true or false, a condition necessary to form an experimental hypothesis |
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| A statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent conditions and for measuring the resulting behavior |
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