Term
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Definition
| a system of communication with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar |
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizeable as speech rather than as a random noise |
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful unit of language |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can becombined to form words |
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
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Definition
| the meaning of a sentence |
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Definition
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Definition
| the fact the children can map a word onto a underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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Definition
| speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
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Definition
| the view that language developement is best explained as an innate, biological capacity |
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Term
| language aquisition device |
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Definition
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
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Definition
| a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
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Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposal that language shaped the nature of thought |
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Definition
| a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects,events, or other stimuli |
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Term
| category specific deficit |
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Definition
| a neurological syndrome that is characterized be an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed |
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Term
| family resemblance theory |
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Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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Definition
| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen judging the value of the outcome and then multiplying the two |
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Term
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Definition
| items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occured more frequntly |
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Term
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Definition
| a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decisions making bu does not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
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Term
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Definition
| a well defined sequense of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
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Definition
| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed |
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Term
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Definition
| a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating a potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current sitation and the desired goal |
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Term
| analogical problem solving |
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Definition
| solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem. |
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive the functions of the objects as fixed |
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Definition
| a mental activity that consists of organizing info or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| figuring out what to do ro reasoning directed twd action |
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Term
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Definition
| reasoning directed twd arriving at a belief |
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Term
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Definition
| ppls judgment about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believeable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
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Term
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Definition
| determining whether a conclusion follows from two stements that are assumed to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| the person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| named after the philosopher rene descartes - a mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind's eye. |
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Definition
| how things seem to the conscious person |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others |
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Definition
| the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
| a task in which people wearing headphones hear different msgs presented to each ear |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which ppl tune in one msg even while they filter out others nearby. |
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Term
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Definition
| a low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensation and may output behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| consiousnes in which you know and are able to report your mental state |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct level of conciousness in which the persons attention is drawn to the self as an object |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to change conscious states of mind |
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Definition
| the conscious avoidance of a thought |
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Term
| rebound effect of thoght suppression |
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Definition
| the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness w/ greater frequency following suppression |
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Term
| ironic processes of mental control |
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Definition
| mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories the persons deepest instincts and desires and the persons inner struggle to control these forces |
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Definition
| a mental process that removes unacceptable thought and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental processes that give rise tot he persons thought choicees emotions and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person |
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Definition
| a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving |
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Term
| altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
| form of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturally occuring 24 hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements anda high level of brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that measures eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in falling asleep or stayign asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while they sleep |
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Term
| somnambulism (sleep walking) |
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Definition
| occurs when the person arises and walks around while still asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of walking activities |
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Definition
| the experience of waking up unable to move |
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Definition
| abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| a dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a dreams true underlyig meaning |
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Term
| activation synthesis model |
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Definition
| the theorry that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brains chemical msg |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for larger doses of drug to be required over time to acheive the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that alchohol effects can be produced by ppls expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention leading ppl to respond in simple ways to complex situations |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels |
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Term
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Definition
| highly addictive drugs derived from opium tgat relieve pain |
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Term
| endorphins/endogenous opiates |
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Definition
| neuratransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role i nhow the brain copes internally with pain and stress |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| the leaves and buds of the hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that noes actions are occuring involuntarily |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of pain through hypnosis in ppl who are susceptible to hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological traits |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system , which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory about relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any observable sign of an emotional state |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify |
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Definition
| norms for the control of emotional expression |
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Definition
| the purpose for or cause of an action |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state |
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Definition
| an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which energy is used by the body |
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Term
| human sexual response cycle |
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Definition
| the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity |
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Definition
| a motivation to take actions that are no themselves rewarding, but lead to a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding |
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Definition
| a motivation of which one is aware |
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Definition
| a motivation of which one is not aware |
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Definition
| the motivation to solve worthwhile problems |
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Definition
| a motivation to experience positive outcomes |
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Definition
| a motivation not to experience negative outcomes |
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