Term
| Verbatim v. Gist Information |
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Definition
-there is no difference between new and old info
-whether or not we've heard the sentence before doesn't matter
-the gist matters and the number of ideas
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Term
| Galileo Experiment (Sachs) |
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Definition
-subjects had to tell whether or not a sentence was different(could've been the same, semantic difference, syntactic difference, or have a word order difference) from that which they heard in the original paragraph
-they were tested either right after they heard the sentence or tested later
-RESULTS
*we remember the gist
*people picked up on semantic differences well |
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Term
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Definition
| -we generally remember the general ideas |
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Definition
-we rate importance of ideas and the most important ideas are remembered best
-children remember important ideas automatically
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Term
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Definition
-generalized conceptual knowledge used in understanding
-meaningfully organizes concepts
-tells us what to expect and allows us to make inferences
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Term
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Definition
-what we expect to happen for certain occasions
-people tend to agree
-faster reading
-people recall things that were not in a story
-people recall things in order
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Term
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Definition
-people correctly remembered things consistent even though they didn't focus on them
-false memory for things that were expected but not in actual representation
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Term
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Definition
| -episodic (starting with an exposition, showing a complication, and then finding a resolution) |
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Definition
| -we make these quickly when hearing information |
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Definition
| -people don't typically make inconsistent inferences |
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Term
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Definition
-not all inferences follow the info you are given
-very influential to memories (we make inferences during encoding, storage, and retrieval)
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Term
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Definition
-used in advertising
-when you are told something
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Term
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Definition
-used in advertisements
-when you aren't told something will happen a certain way but you are likely to think it will because of word choice
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Term
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Definition
-used in advertisments
-words that imply something
*i.e. “Lavium Pills may help relieve tension”
(but they may not) |
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Definition
-used in advertisements
-can be unclear and misleading
*i.e.
–“Snarfo makes you healthier” (than what?) |
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Term
| Inferences during Encoding |
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Definition
-affected by giving context (also affects what is later recalled)
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Term
| Inferences due to Storage |
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Definition
-memory changes to better fit schema
-we forget things (especially what doesn't fit our schema)
-memory in changed in this process
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Term
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Definition
| -older info interferes with us learning newer info |
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Term
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Definition
| -learning new info interferes with our memories for older info |
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Term
| Misinformation Experiments (Loftus) |
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Definition
-subjects saw an event, were exposed to misinformation, and then took a memory test
-the control group was asked " how fast were they going when they hit each other?"
-the misled group was asked " how fast were they going when they smashed into each other?"
-then they were asked whether or not they had seen broken glass:
*14% of controlled said yes and 32% of misled said yes
-did the same with viewing an accident with car at YIELD sign (misled was asked if the car pass when it stopped at the STOP sign; 41% said yield while 75% of controlled correctly said yield)
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Term
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Definition
| -second representation takes over the first representation (Quickly forget the first representation) |
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Term
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Definition
-subjects saw a man carrying a hammer steal $20
-there were 3 groups that read descriptions
-group 1 read "man is carrying tool" then asked hammer or screwdriver; 72% said hammer
-group 2 read "man was carrying screwdriver" then asked hammer or screwdriver; 63% said hammer
-group 3 read "man was carrying screwdriver" then asked hammer or wrench; 75% said hammer |
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Term
| Misinformation Acceptance |
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Definition
| -accept new info as if it were true of the original event |
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Term
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Definition
-Reinstate conditions (Exploits encoding specificity: memories are tied to the context in which they were acquired)
-Tell story without interruption
-Use reverse order
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -a verbal code (like a computer program) |
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Term
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Definition
| -when you perform two tasks at the same time if they interfere then they must require the same mental system |
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Term
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Definition
| -ways that a subject will behave because they think the experimenter wants them to (also works the other way [the experimenter expects a certain set and this biases results]) |
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Definition
-they aren't just alike
-images do not have metric qualities
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Term
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Definition
-basic code is propositional (for long term storage)
-people use propositional code to create depictive codes
-depictive codes can be scanned, zoomed, etc
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Term
| Brain Areas for Imagery and Perception |
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Definition
| -the visual cortex (parietal and temporal lobe) |
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Term
| Two Basic Tasks of Language |
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Definition
-production (idea, sentence, words, coordinated vocal articulation, sounds)
-comprehesion (sounds, words, phrases/sentences, ideas)
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Term
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Definition
-Sentence
-Phrase
-Word
-Morpheme
-Phoneme
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Term
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Definition
-smallest unit of speech sound
-about 40 in English
-range from 11-60 across languages
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Term
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Definition
-smallest unit that SIGNALS MEANING
-prefixes, suffizes, root
-can be an entire word
-50-80,000
-some morphemes cannot stand alone
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Term
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Definition
| -combination of one or more morphemes |
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Definition
-organized group of words
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Term
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Definition
| -rules that determine word order |
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Term
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Definition
-related to concepts and categories (words represent or symbolize concepts)
-words cannot determine this on their own
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Term
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Definition
-phrases organize words into meaningful units
-issue:
*sometimes words alone aren't enough to unambiguously convey meaning
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Term
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Definition
-set stage for contemporary study of language
-studied how words translate into meaning
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Term
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Definition
| -the phrase structure of the the current utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| -a canonical phrase structure that has the same meaning as the surface structure |
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Term
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Definition
| -rules that transform a deep phrase structure into surface phrase sturctures with the same meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| -when the same wording corresponds to more than one meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| -when has two different meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| -when words can be grouped together into more than one phrase structure |
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Term
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Definition
-Get all word meanings from the lexicon, context operates later.
-Context allows you to get only the correct word meaning from the lexicon.
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Term
| Context Effects in Lexical Access |
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Definition
-all meanings are primed
-all meanings are accessed at first, and only afterwards are meanings determined
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Term
| Subject-Verb-Object Order Strategy |
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Definition
-people have a natural bias to interpret things this was
-reinterpreting takes working memory |
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Term
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Definition
-difficulty with production
-slow, halting speech
-comprehesion largely intact |
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Term
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Definition
-Fluent speech that makes little sense
-made-up words and word substitutions
-difficulty with comprehesion
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