Term
| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| Freudian theory of personality |
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Term
| three basic parts of the personality according to Freud |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-in charge of morality and values
-follows the moral principle (sets moral standards) and enforces them |
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Term
| the moral principle (Freud) |
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Definition
| moral standards set by the superego |
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Term
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Definition
-basic physiological drives and needs
-housed totally in the unconscious according to Freud
-follows the pleasure principle:
seeks immediate gratification of instinctive needs (e.g. sex, food) |
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Term
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Definition
| the seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs (e.g. sex, food) - (controlled by the id) |
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Term
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Definition
-in charge of planning and self awareness
-follows the reality principle
-keeps balance between the id and the superego
-to keep from being exposed to overly anxious or traumatic information, there are unconscious functions called ego defense mechanisms (see ahead for examples) |
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Term
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Definition
| the consideration of what is practical and possible in order to satisfy basic needs and live up to moral values (controlled by the ego) |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious functions that try to keep the ego from being exposed to overly anxious or traumatic information |
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Term
| types of ego defense mechanisms |
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Definition
denial
displacement
rationalization
reaction formation
regression
repression
sublimation |
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Term
| denial (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| refusal to face the true nature of a threat |
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Term
| displacement (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| transfer of ideas and impulses from a threatening object to one that is less threatening or neutral |
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Term
| rationalization (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| thinking up explanations so that you can accept behaviors and impulses that are unacceptable |
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Term
| reaction formation (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| doing something that is totally the opposite of an unacceptable impulse in order to keep the impulse repressed |
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Term
| regression (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| adopting behaviors that are characteristic of an earlier stage of development, like childhood or adolescence |
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Term
| repression (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
| unconscious hiding away of impulses and information that is too traumatic or painful |
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Term
| sublimation (ego defense mechanism) |
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Definition
turning primitive, undesirable impulses into positive constructive efforts
(e.g. an angry person who 'needs' to bully and beat people up becomes a football star) |
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Term
| Freud's take on sexuality |
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Definition
-sexual impulses are the central factors in personality development, even in children
-we are driven by the basic instinct to preserve and perpetuate life through the eros:
one of the primary ways to sustain life is via sexual intercourse
-our sexual energy (libido) is channeled to areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations (erogenous zones) |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic instinct to sustain life via sexual intercourse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations |
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Term
| the five major stages of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
1. Oral (Birth-1yo)
2. Anal (1-3yo)
3. Phallic (3-6yo)
4. Latency (7-11yo)
5. Genital (12yo-Adulthood) |
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Term
| the oral stage of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
activities associated with the mouth (e.g. eating)
(Birth-1yo) |
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Term
| the anal stage of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
activities associated with the anus (e.g. potty training)
(1-3yo) |
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Term
| the phallic stage of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
boys focus on their penis;
girls question the absence of a penis
(3-6yo) |
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Term
| the latency stage of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
focus on non-sexual development
(7-11yo) |
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Term
| the genital stage of psychosexual development (Freud) |
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Definition
both sexes focus on genitals and sexual gratification
(12yo-adulthood) |
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Term
| what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at different stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
oral -> oral fixations and oral satisfaction
anal -> anal retentive or anal expulsive
phallic -> Oedipus complex or Electra complex
latency -> nonsexual or asexual |
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Term
| what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| oral fixations and oral satisfaction |
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Term
| what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| anal retentive or anal expulsive |
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Term
| what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the phallic stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| Oedipus complex or Electra complex |
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Term
| what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the latency stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| nonsexuality or asexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| we have an inherited collective unconscious that contains primitive images common to our human species - i.e. archetypes (e.g. god, fertile mother, wise old man, saviors) |
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Term
| the collective unconscious (Jung) |
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Definition
| contains primitive images common to our human species (archetypes) |
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Term
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Definition
we are driven by inferiority complexes and so we have a drive for superiority:
focused on the creative self that enables us to overcome challenges and obstacles |
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Term
| the creative self (Adler) |
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Definition
enables us to overcome challenges and obstacles
-unique to every individual |
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Term
| inferiority complexes (Adler) |
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Definition
| produce the drive for superiority |
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Term
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Definition
| focused on the importance of childhood experience, but emphasized social relationship development, not sexual development |
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Term
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Definition
| also emphasized social development but through the entire lifespan |
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Term
| emphasized social development |
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Definition
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Term
| The "Big Five": Five Factor Model |
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Definition
through years of extensive research in personality five basic traits or factors were discovered that described most people's personalities:
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness to Experience |
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Term
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Definition
| being outwardly sociable and personable; outgoing in social settings |
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Term
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Definition
| level of warmth, trust and kindness |
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Term
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Definition
| being sensitive to others, thoughtfulness, reliability |
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Term
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Definition
| level of anxiety and nervousness |
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Term
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Definition
| level of creativity, curiosity to experience and learn about new things |
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Term
| criticisms of trait theories |
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Definition
1. they do not explain personality; they only describe it, so how useful is that really?
2. see textbook |
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Term
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Definition
| personality traits and characteristics are based on what gets reinforced or punished as one matures (i.e. operant conditioning) |
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Term
| major criticism of behavioral theories |
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Definition
| focuses too much on the end result of behavior without considering important things like choice, consciousness, and self-awareness to grow and change |
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Term
| social cognitive theories |
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Definition
personality traits and characteristics are based on what we learn through observing others
(i.e. observational learning or modeling)
-also emphasize the important of our:
---[see textbook]--- |
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Term
| major criticism of social cognitive theories |
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Definition
what about the importance of genes?
"this criticism can be applied to all the theories we reviewed so far" |
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Term
| key components to humanistic-existential theories of personality |
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Definition
humanism
existentialism
humanistic existential theories
self-actualization
unconditional positive regard
conditional positive regard
conditions of worth |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that people are capable of being fulfilled and demonstrate ethical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that we all have free will and free choice |
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Term
| humanistic existential theories |
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Definition
| believe that people choose to lead fulfilled, good lives or not; there is a lot of focus on the individual and personal experience |
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Term
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Definition
| believes every person wants to be the best possible person they can be |
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Term
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Definition
believes that we are all inherently good, moral people
-we strive to do good whenever we can based on certain
this is true when we have the following:
1. unconditional positive regard- consistent expressions of a person's value and esteem by others without judgment
a. conditional positive regards- when we value a person based on how acceptable we think his/her behaviors and traits are; we put conditions on respect and love for others
b. these conditions we place on others for our love and respect are called [conditions of worth] |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard (Rogers) |
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Definition
| consistent expressions of a person's value and esteem by others without judgment |
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Term
| conditional positive regards (Rogers) |
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Definition
| when we value a person based on how acceptable we think his/her behaviors are and traits are; we put conditions on respect and love for others |
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Term
| conditions of worth (Rogers) |
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Definition
| the conditions we place on others for our love and respect |
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Term
| criticisms of humanistic-existential theories |
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Definition
there is too much focus on personal, private experience
things are all highly subjective so how can it be researched? |
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Term
| sociocultural theories of personality |
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Definition
emphasize the influence of society and culture in personality development
A. Individualistic cultures
B. Collective cultures
C. Acculturation
D. ---see textbook--- |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on the unique development of each person
-encourages a person to prioritize his/her own goals first
-the spotlight is on 'I' |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on the development of a group of people and relationships within that group
-encourages a person to prioritize the goals of the group first
-the spotlight is on 'We' |
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Term
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Definition
focusing on identity development through the active adaptation to new cultures
-often results in a 'blending' of cultures
-attempts are made to integrate or adapt to different cultural values and characteristics |
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Term
| criticism of sociocultural theories |
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Definition
1. what about genes?
2. ---see textbook--- |
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Term
| objective tests to measure personality |
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Definition
tests that have specific, concrete answers to each question
-typically there is only one correct answer to each question
-often only a limited amount of time to complete the test is allowed |
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Term
| types of objective tests to measure personality |
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Definition
1. standardized tests
2. validity scales
3. clinical scales |
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Term
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Definition
| type of objective test that has been administered to a group of people to obtain the most typical or 'average' response |
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Term
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Definition
| items on an objective test that assess how accurate a person's responses are to reflecting their true self |
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Term
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Definition
| items on an objective test that assess the presence of abnormal behavior or thought patterns |
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Term
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Definition
tests that have no specific or concrete answer that is correct
-typically these questions are open ended and allow a person to subjectively interpret the question
-typically they are not time limited |
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Term
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Definition
tests that have no specific or concrete answer that is correct
-typically these questions are open ended and allow a person to subjectively interpret the question
-typically they are not time limited |
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