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| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli or response and its consequences. |
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| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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Psychology should be:
(1) objective science
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Most agree with (1) not (2) |
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| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salvation when food is in the mouth |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus |
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| in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. |
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second-order conditioning
Getting bitten by a dog, just hearing barking may make the person afraid |
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diminishing of a conditioned response
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
-occurs in operant conditioning when a responsee if no longer reinforced |
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| reappearance of extinguished conditioned response after a pause |
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| stimulus similar to conditioned response will produce same response |
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classical conditioning
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditional response |
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learning that events occur together
-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning - response and its consequences |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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| behavior that operates on environment, producing consequences |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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| in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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operant conditioning
-procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
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| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association |
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| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| operant conditioning, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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| mental representation of layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they learned a cognitive map to it |
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| learning that occurs but is no apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
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| desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment |
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