Term
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Definition
lthe processes that allow us to record, store, and retrieve information
¡Allows us to learn from experience and adapt to changing environments |
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lbriefly holds incoming sensory information
¡Sensory registers: initial information processors
¡Iconic store: visual information
¡Echoic store: auditory information
flash array of 12 letters for 1/20 of a second and on ly remember 3-5 |
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ltemporarily holds a limited amount of information
¡Memory codes:
lVisual: mental images
lPhonological: sounds
lSemantic: meaning
lMotor: patterns of movement |
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Definition
lthe ability to recall an item is influenced by the item’s position in a series
¡Primacy effect: superior recall of early items
¡Recency effect: superior recall of recent items |
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Term
| primacy effect and recency effect |
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Definition
primary- due to transfer of early words into long term
recency- continued presence of info in short term |
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Term
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Definition
intentional encoding; requires conscious attention
make lists, tke notes,
you try |
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Definition
unintentional encoding; requires minimal attention
not trying- remember where a paragraph is in a book on what page and in the upper left hand corner |
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Term
| levels- of- processing model |
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Definition
: the more deeply we process information, the better we will remember it
Structural encoding: how the stimulus looks
POTATO “Is the word in capital letters?”
lPhonological encoding: how the stimulus sounds
HORSE “does the word rhyme with course?”
lSemantic encoding: what the stimulus means
TABLE “Does the word fit in the sentence “the Man peeled the _____?”
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Definition
lgetting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes
¡Similar to typing on a computer keyboard |
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Definition
l: retaining information over time
¡Similar to saving information in a hard drive |
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Definition
| processes that access stored information |
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Definition
lThe repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
¡Similar to opening a file on a computer screen |
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Definition
lsimple, rote repetition
¡Keeps information active in working memory
¡Not an optimal method to transfer information into long-term memory
someone tell u a phone number and u keep saying it until u dial the number |
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Definition
lfocusing on the meaning of information or expanding on it in some way
lFeatures ¡Organizing information
¡Understanding meaning of information
¡Applying information to one’s life
¡Relating information to previously learned concepts |
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Definition
| organizing material based on associations between concepts |
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Definition
lencoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory
¡Odds improve that at least one of the codes will be recalled later
¡Method of Loci: associates information with mental images of physical locations |
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Term
long term memory-
declarative |
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Definition
¡factual knowledge
lEpisodic: personal experiences- childhood friends, fav. movie
lSemantic: general factual knowledge- mt. everest tallest mnt.
we tell others what we know |
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Term
long term memory
procedural |
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Definition
¡skills and actions
lMotor and cognitive skills-skills expressed by doing things
lClassically conditioned responses- puff of air blown to eye you blink |
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Definition
lconscious or intentional memory retrieval
¡Recognition- identify a suspect in police lineup
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Definition
memory that influences our behavior without conscious awareness
riding a bike to school thinking about exam, implicit memory lets you pedal and stay balanced |
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Definition
lrecollections that seem especially vivid and clear
¡Most likely to occur for distinctive events that evoke strong emotional reactions
¡Many details may be inaccurate
¡People are often overconfident in their reports |
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Term
| encoding specificity priniciples |
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Definition
memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
joggind woman raped recalled raped when jogging |
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Term
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Definition
it is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was encoded
high school neighborhood- friends, teachers,
study in library test best in quiet room |
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Term
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Definition
it is easier to remember something when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning
rapped jogger- rememebered assult- arousal while jogging (state-dependent)
students read book on treadmill-best recallbook on a treadmill |
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Term
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Definition
we tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood
happy- remember postive events
sad- remember negative events |
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Definition
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lremembering to perform an activity in the future
¡Involves planning and allocating attention |
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Definition
material learned in the past interferes with the recall of newer material
new phone number and memorize it. only remebers 3 digits of new number and keeps remember old number |
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Term
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Definition
recently learned material interferes with the recall of material learned in the past
spanish- french- french interferes with spanish |
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Term
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Definition
| age range where certian experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path |
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Term
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Definition
| optimal age range for certain experiences but if those experiences occur at another time normal development is still possible |
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Term
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Definition
nEnvironmental agents that produce a birth defect
nMother’s nutrition and emotional state
nMother’s illness
nMother’s drug use
nAlcohol and nicotine
nFetal alcohol syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
nAlcohol
nFetal Alcohol Syndrome:
pFacial abnormalities and small, malformed brains
pMental retardation, attentional and perceptual deficits, irritability, impulsivity
pThreshold level of alcohol exposure is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
nthe individual's observable characteristics
dominate and recessice genes |
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Definition
interpreting new information in terms of existing schemes.
kid sees and skunk and calls it a cat |
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Definition
modifying existing schemes to better fit new information.
kittys dont smell bad like a skunk- kids changes schema fo dog, skunk.... |
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Term
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Definition
nchildren’s thinking changes qualitatively with age
nSchemas: organized patterns of thoughts and action
nWe acquire new schemas and our existing schemas become more complex |
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Term
| piagets findings on his theory |
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Definition
nGeneral cognitive abilities associated with Piaget’s four stages occur in the same order across cultures
nChildren acquire many skills and concepts earlier than Piaget believed
nCognitive development within each stage seems to proceed inconsistently
nCulture influences cognitive development
nCognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget proposed |
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Term
| vygotsky zone of proximal development |
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Definition
nthe difference between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced peer
nHelps us recognize what children will soon be able to do on their own
nEmphasizes that we can help move a child’s cognitive development forward, within limits |
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Term
| Harlows attachment research |
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Definition
nresearch on infant rhesus monkeys
n“Contact comfort” with cloth mother chosen over wire mother |
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Term
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Definition
nImprinting: a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment
nAttachment: the strong emotional bond between children and their primary caregivers
nFirst few years of life seem to be a sensitive period for developing a secure bond |
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Term
attachment process
stranger anxiety |
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Definition
n: distress over contact with unfamiliar people
nEmerges around 6-7 months; ends by 18 months |
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Definition
ndistress over being separated from a primary caregiver
nPeaks around 12-16 months; disappears between 2-3 years of age |
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Term
| goal-corrected partnership |
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Definition
| Children and caregivers can maintain their relationships whether together or apart |
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Term
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Definition
n: a standardized procedure for examining infant attachment
•Choreographed sequence of separation and reunion with child and caregiver
•Presence of a stranger |
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Definition
nExplores playroom and reacts positively to the stranger
nDistressed when mother leaves
nHappy when mother returns |
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Definition
nFearful when the mother is present
nDemands mother’s attention
nDistressed when mother leaves
n Not soothed when mother returns; may angrily resist her attempts at contact |
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Definition
nShows few signs of attachment
nRarely cries when mother leaves
nDoes not seek contact when mother returns |
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Term
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Definition
| contact comfort- body comfort with a comforting object is more important in fostering attachment than nourishment |
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Term
| eriksons pychosocial theory |
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Definition
nEight psychosocial stages
nEach stage involves a different “crisis” - how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world
nFour stages occur during infancy and childhood
•Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
•Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
•Initiative vs. Guilt (Age 3-5)
•Industry vs. Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
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Term
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Definition
ncontrolling but warm
nEstablish clear, consistently enforced rules
nCompliance is rewarded with warmth and affection
nAssociated with most positive childhood outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
ncontrolling; cold, unresponsive, and rejecting relationship
nChildren have lower self-esteem, are less popular, and perform more poorly in school |
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Definition
n: warm, caring relationships; no guidance or discipline
nParents fail to teach responsibility and concern for others
nChildren tend to be immature and self-centered |
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Definition
ndo not provide warmth, rules, or guidance
nChildren are most likely to be insecurely attached
nLow achievement motivation, disturbed peer relationships, impulsive, aggressive
nAssociated with the most negative developmental outcomes |
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Term
| kubler-Ross coping with impending death |
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Definition
nFive stages (Kübler-Ross; 1969):
nDenial
nAnger
nBargaining
nDepression
nAcceptance |
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