Term
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Definition
A type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons. (pg.12)
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Term
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Definition
Bethlehem Hospital was given to the city of London by Henry VIII for the sole purpose of confining the mentally ill. In this asylum patients bound in chains cried out for all to hear. The hospital even became a popular tourist attraction; people were eager to pay to look at the howling and gibbering inmates. (pg.12)
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Term
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Definition
(1745–1813) an eminent physician at Pennsylvania Hospital responsible for spreading moral treatment in the U.S., who is now considered the father of American psychiatry. Limiting his practice to mental illness, Rush developed humane approaches to treatment. (pg.12)
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Term
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Definition
(1802–1887) Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States. From 1841 to 1881, Dix went from state legislature to state legislature and to Congress speaking of the horrors she had observed at asylums and calling for reform. Dix’s campaign led to new laws and greater government funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders. (pg.13)
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Term
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Definition
A detailed account of a person’s life and psychological problems. It describes the person’s history, present circumstances, and symptoms. It may also speculate about why the problems developed, and it may describe the person’s treatment. (pg.27)
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Term
Deinstitutionalization
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
The practice, begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals. (pg.16)
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Term
Double-blind design
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
Experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant has received the experimental treatment or a placebo. (pg.38)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Epidemiological Study
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
A study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population. Many researchers also refer to epidemiological studies as “descriptive studies” because the goal of such investigations is largely to describe the incidence or prevalence of a disorder “without trying to predict or explain when or why it occurs”. (pg.35)
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Term
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Definition
to coax the evil spirits to leave or to make the person’s body an uncomfortable place in which to live. (pg.9)
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Term
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Definition
system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services. (pg.19)
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Term
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Definition
A nineteenth- century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment. (pg.12)
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Term
Multicultural Psychology
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior. (pg.19)
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Term
Positive Psychology
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
the study and enhancement of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness, positive traits like hard work and wisdom, positive abilities such as social skills and other talents, and group-directed virtues, including altruism and tolerance. (pg.18)
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Term
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Definition
the total number of cases in the population during a given time period; prevalence includes both existing and new cases. (pg.35)
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Term
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Definition
Interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop. Rather than wait for psychological disorders to occur, many of today’s community programs try to correct the social conditions that underlie psychological problems (poverty or violence in the community, for example) and to help individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems (for example, teenage mothers or the children of people with severe psychological disorders). (pg.17)
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Term
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Definition
Either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology. (pg.15)
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Term
Psychogenetic Perspective
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. (pg.14)
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Term
Psychotropic Medications
CH 1,2 |
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Definition
Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning. (pg.16)
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Term
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Definition
An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull to release “evil spirits”, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. (pg.9)
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Term
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Definition
written/spoken communication in thoughts, beliefs, theories, literature- how we behave is informed by our conversation with others and our interactions with others. - socially construct your narrative through discourse
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Term
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Definition
| Plays a role in emotional memory. Located withing the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety. Also called minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that imporve the moods of people with depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help reduce the confusion, hallucinations and delussions found in psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| a long fiber extending from the neuron's body |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrates on behaviors, the responses an organism makes to its environment. Behaviors can be external (going to work) or internal (having a feeling or thought). In turn, behavioral theorists base their explanations and treatments on principles of learning, the processes by which these behaviors change in response to the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Views physical processes as key to human behavior. Thoughts and feelings are the results of biochemical and bioelectrical processes throughout the brain and body. Proponents of the biological model believe that a full understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and behavior must therefore include an understanding of their biological basis. Biological theorists point to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry as the cause of abnormal behavior |
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Term
Biopsychosocial theories
ch 3 |
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Definition
| Explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of regions toward the top of the brain. Within the cerebrum, there is the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus and the amygdala. Some psychological disorders can be traced to abnormal functioning of neurons in the cerebrum. |
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Term
Cognitive-behavioral therapies
ch 3 |
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Definition
| Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking by bridging the behavioral model and the cognitive model |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects the brain’s two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
Culture-sensitive therapies
ch3 |
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Definition
| Approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. |
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Term
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
ch3 |
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Definition
| A form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems. Together they develop important insights, build social skills, strengthen feelings of self-worth, and share useful information or advice. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and thus propel body organs into action. |
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Term
Humanistic-existential model
ch3 |
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Definition
| Being human, he also has the ability to pursue philosophical goals such as self-awareness, strong values, a sense of meaning in life, and freedom of choice. According to humanistic and existential theorists, their common focus is on these broader dimensions of human existence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm. |
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Term
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Definition
type of cell that helps neurons to form both synapses and connections when the brain is developing, influences the communication among neurons and generally helps in care and feeding neurons.
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder. Also called antipsychotic drugs. |
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Term
Multicultural perspective
ch 3 |
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Definition
The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective. The model holds that an individual’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is best understood when examined in the light of that individual’s unique cultural context, from the values of that culture to the special external pressures faced by members of the culture.
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve cell. Neurons cluster up in groups to form brain regions that are in charge of different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic theorists believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware. These internal forces are described as dynamic— that is, they interact with one another— and their interaction gives rise to behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain surgery fro mental disorders. a.k.a neurosurgery |
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Term
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Definition
| A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
- a site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter (p. 48)
- proteins on the surface of each cell that receive messages
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Term
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Definition
| A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a mutual help group. |
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Term
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Definition
Neurons involved in feelings of satisfaction, pain suppression, regulates sleep, appetite, sexual behavior. Decreased levels may lead to depression.
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Term
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Definition
| The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another. |
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Term
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Definition
stores neurotransmitters and releases them by fusing with the presynaptic membrane
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Term
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Definition
The space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic Neuron
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain that receives and processes all sensory modalities, except smell. Also critical for awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
the process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or subject.
characteristics of this arestandardized, relaible and show validity |
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Term
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
ch 4 |
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Definition
is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. |
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Term
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Definition
a determination that a person’s problems reflect a particular disorder.
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Term
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Definition
| lists approximately 400 mental disorders. Each entry describes the criteria for diagnosing the disorder and its key clinical features. The system also describes features that are often but not always related to the disorder. The classification system is further accompanied by text information (that is, background information) such as research findings; age, culture, or gender trends, and each disorders prevalence, risk, course, complications, predisposing factors, and family patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
addresses the reliability and validity limitations of DSM- IV- TR and the dimensionality- versus- discrete- category problem. Moreover, the task force and work groups have been conducting extensive literature reviews and overseeing field studies to help develop a DSM that reflects recent insights, research findings, and clinical concerns.
- DSM IV lists approximately 400 mental disorders, also evaluates client’s conditions on five axes, or branches of information |
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Term
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Definition
| a test desgined to measure a person's intellectual ability |
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Term
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Definition
| a general score derived from an intelligence test that theretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of interview questions and observations desgined to reveal the nature and degree of a person's mental functioning. |
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Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI)
CH 4 |
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Definition
| important personality assessment with true/false questions |
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Term
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Definition
| neurology tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CAT scans, PET scans, and MRIs. Also known as brain scans |
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Term
Personality Inventories
ch 4 |
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Definition
| A test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological test in which a subject's responses to ambiguous or unstructured standard stimuli, such as a series of cartoons, abstract patterns, or incomplete sentences, are analyzed in order to determine underlying personality traits, feelings, or attitudes. Some examples include the Rorschach test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence-Completion Test, and drawings. |
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Term
Responsive inventories
ch 4 |
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Definition
| Tests desgined to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms of a mental disorder are emotions, behaviors, cognitions, relating to the global functions of the CNS, that are signs or indicators of a disorder. Some groups of symptoms: agitation, difficulty sleeping, odd gesturing, superstitions, hypersomnia, hypervigilance, sadness, flat affect, delusions, hypoactivity, worries. The presence of one or two symptoms in the absence of functional difficulties is normal. Symptoms that have a non-psychological cause are not symptoms of mental disorder. The presence of culturally normal activities and beliefs (even if they are illogical) are usually not symptomatic; A disorder is a “syndrome” of symptoms. Mental disorders are defined as distinct groups of psychological symptoms that “go together”
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Term
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Definition
| an indirect form of dominanc-dominating belif theort that overshadows fringe belief |
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Term
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Definition
| way that we tell our story, we describe things going on-the way we tell it |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of power, lack of rights ex. invisible man, ourside the norm |
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Term
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Definition
| we are considering this disorder to be in the realm of medical professionals and so treatment is need/use of medication |
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Term
Re-medicalization
LeFrance |
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Definition
In reference to DSM-III “With its symptom-based orientation, the DSM III contributed significantly to a biological vision of mental health – which stresses the neurosciences, brain chemistry, and medications’ (Mayes and Horwitz, 2005: 258).” |
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Term
Social Constructionism
LeFrance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid/panics to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or help might be unavailable if panic like symptoms were to occur.
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the brain that plays a key role in emotion and memory |
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Term
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Definition
The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being. (pg. 122)
Definition: Anxiety is the psychological experience of fear: apprehension, tension, fear itself, sense of danger, hypervigilance, uneasiness that stems from the anticipation of danger (an actual fear-provoking stimulus need not be present)
• The source of anxiety may be external or internal.
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Term
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Definition
| the most common group of anti-anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax |
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Term
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Definition
| (a treatment to help patients gain awareness of many physiological functions.) a treatment technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily. |
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Term
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Definition
a compulsive behavior--> a psychological condition in which a person does a behavior compulsively, having an overwhelming feeling that they must do so. The obsessive thinking is temporarily relieved by acting out on the compulsion.
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Term
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Definition
| hormone responsible for pleasure that is relased and gives happiness |
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Term
Exposure and response prevention
ch 5 |
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Definition
| clients are first taught to view their obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than as valid and dangerous cognitions for which they are responsible and upon which they must act. As they become better able to identify and recognize the thoughts for what they are, they also become less inclined to act on them, |
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Term
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Definition
| the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless |
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Term
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Definition
| the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder. |
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Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD
Ch 5 |
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Definition
| a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities. |
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Term
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Definition
basic and common amino acid used to form proteins
-A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in long term potentiation. Is important for learning, memory and self-regulation.
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Term
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Definition
locus ceruleus is a brain area rich in neurons that use norepinephrine. When this area is electrically stimulated in monkeys, the monkeys have a panic- like reaction, suggesting that panic reactions may be related to increases in norepinephrine activity in the locus ceruleus
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Term
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Definition
| hormone responsible for panic and anxiety, Fight/flight response |
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Term
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Definition
| a desire in which a person has recurrent or unwanted thoguhts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid action |
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Term
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD
ch 5 |
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Definition
sufferer becomes overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety, feels the need to perform repetitive actions to reduce anxiety.
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Term
OCD changes in DSM-5
ch 5 |
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Definition
| OCD will no longer be considered an anxiety disorder |
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Term
Orbital (or orbitofrontal) cortex
ch 5 |
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Definition
| -region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise |
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Term
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Definition
an extreme alarm reaction that can result when a real threat suddenly emerges
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Term
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Definition
| continous feeling of panic when there is no reason for it or you exaggerate the panic |
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Term
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Definition
| a presistent and unreasonable fear of particular object, activity, or situation |
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Term
rational-emotive therapy
ch 5 |
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Definition
| a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients indentity and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that calm people a lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses. |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia) |
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Term
Stress Management program
ch5 |
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Definition
problem of stress in the workplace. About 20 percent of corporate employers now offer some kind of stress reduction program, such as this regular yoga class at Armani.
-An approach to treating GAD’s that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress
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Term
Systematic desensitization
ch 5 |
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Definition
-A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread. By increasing the intensity of the stimulus gradually over a period of time. ( i.e think of a snake, look at a picture of a snake, look at a real snake)
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Term
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
ch 5 |
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Definition
lingering anxiety reactions to unusually traumatic events and last less than one month.
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Term
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Definition
peoples reaction to a major stressor in their lives with extended and excessive feelings of anxiety, depressed mood, or antisocial behaviors.
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Term
Autonomic nervous system ANS
ch 6 |
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Definition
The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body.
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Term
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Definition
| a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems |
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Term
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Definition
During the horror of combat, soldiers often become highly anxious and depressed and physically ill. Moreover, for many,these reactions to extraordinary stress continue well beyond the combat experience itself.
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Term
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Definition
The adrenal cortex releases stress hormones called corticosteroids that act on other body organs to trigger arousal and fear reactions.
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Term
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Definition
the adrenal cortex releases stress hormones called corticosteroids that act on other body organs to trigger arousal and fear reactions.
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Term
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway
ch 6 |
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Definition
One route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear.
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Term
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Definition
the body’s network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Parasympathetic nervous system
ch 6 |
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Definition
parasympathetic nervous system, helps return our heartbeat and other body processes to normal. Stimulation of “rest-and-digest”, when the body is at rest especially after eating, sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation.
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Term
| psychological factors affecting medical condition????? |
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Definition
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Term
Psychophysiological disorders
ch 6 |
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Definition
| illnesses that result from an interaction of psychosocial and organic factors |
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