Term
| Give an example of how definitions of intelligence vary across cultures. |
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Definition
-100 years ago "intelligence" was not a common-language word.
-motives for inventing intelligence tests: rise of evolutionary theory, widespread public schooling, immigration. |
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Term
| What was the goal of Binet and Simon's test (which became the precursor of modern intelligence tests)? |
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Definition
The goal of Binet's and Simon's test was to measure a child's intellectual ability was necessary for planning an institutional program. Binet attempted to devise an objective test of intellectual performance that could be used to classify and separate developmentally disabled from normal children.
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Term
| How was IQ traditionally calculated? How has this changed more recently? |
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Definition
Traditional- The IQ was the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 to eliminate decimals.
- (Standard- Binet Intelligence Scale) IQ= mental age / chronological age (# of years since birth) * 100.
Recent- Your score would be added up and directly compared with the scores of other people your age. |
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Term
| Give an example of how intelligence can be culturally biased. |
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Definition
-People from different cultures often have quite different background knowledge that affects the difficulty of those questions. Forms of tests and testing may not match cultural notions of intelligence or appropriate behavior.
ex. immigrant children must learn how they must behave in U.S. classrooms to make their teachers understand the extent of their intelligence. |
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Term
| Discuss the issues of reliability and validity with regard to intelligence tests. |
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Definition
-Reliability= the degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instrument.
-Validity= the extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure.
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Term
| How might creativity be related to intelligence. |
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Definition
Researchers have used tasks that measure both divergent and convergent thinking.
- divergent thinking= has the opportunity to demonstrate fluid (swift) and flexible thinking. Such as: Name all the things you think of that are square. List as many white edible things as you can in 3 minutes. List all the uses that you can think of for a brink.
-convergent thinking= defines as the ability to gather together different sources of information to solve a problem. Questions such as: What word are all three of these words related to (cottage, swiss, cake). What words are all three of these words related to (fish, gold, rush). What word are all three of these words related to (flower, friend, scout).
- or another approach is to ask them specifically to generate a creative product (poem or short story). |
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Term
| Define fluid and crystillized intlligence. |
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Definition
Fluid intelligence- the apsect of intelligence that involoves the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.
Crystallized intelligence- the facet of intelligence involving the knowledge a person has already acquired and the ability to access that knowledge; measures by vocabulary, arithmetic, and general information tests. |
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Term
Discuss Sternberg's view of IQ and intelligence.
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Definition
Sternberg's research is motivated by a theory of successful intelligence, which attempts to account for the intellectual sources that enable people to achieve success in their lives, given in the sociocultural context in which they live. Successfully intelligent people succeed in part because they achieve a functional balance among a "triarchy" of abilities: analytical (mental steps to solve problems: math/logic) practical (common sense, street smarts) creativity (use of experience in ways that foster intelligence).
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Term
| Discuss Howard Gardner's views about multiple intelligences. |
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Definition
Gardner identifies eight types of intelligence that both include and go beyond the types of intelligence assessed by standard IQ measures.Recent research has focused on emotional intelligence.
(Table 9.4) |
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Term
What is one reason that researchers argue that SAT scores should not be the sole determinant of college admission?
No surprise that high school GPA is a better predictor of college GPA than are IQ tests or SAT."
23!
No surprise that high school GPA is a better predictor of college GPA than are IQ tests or SAT."No surprise that high school GPA is a better predictor of college GPA than are IQ tests or SAT."
No surprise that high school GPA is a better predictor of college GPA than are IQ tests or SAT." |
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Definition
| Researchers argue that high school GPA is a better predictor of college GPA than are IQ tests or SAT. |
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Term
| Describe some of the research findings suggesting that there is some role for genetic factors in intelligence. (esp. twin and adoption studies) |
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Definition
Biological Findings: (Nature)
-heritability= compare IQ similarity of monozygotic twins reared together vs. apart, and IQ similarity of dizygotic twins.
- MZ reared apart= lower correlation than identical twins reared together shows some environmental effect.
- DZ reared together= lower correlation that identical twins shows genetic effects. |
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Term
| In the heritability of IQ debate, why is it important to consider the fact that humans can seek out environments that are comfortable to them? |
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Definition
Psychologists have to say what kinds of environmental conditions- attention, stress, poverty, health, war, and so on actually have an impact on IQ.
- Researchers have focused on more global measures of environment like the socioeconomic status of the family. Social class (wealth) affects IQ. |
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Term
| What is sterotype threat and why might it be relevant to racial differences in average IQ scores? |
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Definition
Sterotype threat- the threat associated with being at risk for confirming a negative sterotype of one's group.
- (1) produces a phycological stress response that has a negative impact on peoples ability to focus their attention. (2) leads people to monitr their performance more closely in ways that can lead. (3) they have to expend mental resources to supress negative thoughts and feelings. |
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