Pavlov discovered the conditions necessary for his dos to be conditioned to salivate. It was while studying digestion in dogs that Pavlov noted an interesting occurrence- his canine subjects would begin to salivated whenever an assistant came into the room.

                           ( ex. the office clip)

Unconditioned Stimulus

It unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.

(ex. when you smell your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In the example, the smell of food is the unconditional stimulus.

Unconditioned Response

Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

(ex. the feel of hunger in response to the smell of the food is the unconditioned response.)

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response.

(ex. imagine when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the (CR). In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

(ex. the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle).

How have conditioned taste aversions been used in changing behaviors in real world contexts?

They have been used in addictions for drugs and alcohol. In which an organism learning in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness. 

(ex. in the treatments of the addiction to alcohol, the unpleasant feeling of nausea is paired with the consumption of alcohol. When an individual takes the drug and pairs it up with alcohol they will feel very nauseated). 

Stimulus discrimination- a conditioning process in which an organism learns to respond to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension.

Stimulus generalization- the automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli that have paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Relevant to a learned study- Little Albert (Watson& Rayner) or Shenger- Krestovnika.

acquisition- the stage in classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned responses is first elicited by the conditioned stimulas.

extinction- in conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus.

Biological Preparedness- " Nature creeping into Nurture"

-wired in readiness to learn some associations more easily then others.

- instinctive, species specific US. Birds are more likely to associate nausea with visual images.

-rats to taste

Operant Conditioning- A consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces. Basically means affecting the environment. Associate your own behavior with consequences.

-Operants are not elicited by specific stimuli as classically conditioned behaviors are.

Thorndike and Skinner's view that environmental consequences exert a powerful effect on behavior.

Thorndike- Law of Effect, relationship between behavior and its consequences. He used cats in his puzzle boxs.

Skinner- Operant chamber, invented an apparatus that allowed him to manipulate the consequences of behavior. 

Thorndike and Skinner's view that environmental consequences exert a powerful effect on behavior.

Thorndike- Law of Effect, relationship between behavior and its consequences. He used cats in his puzzle boxs.

Skinner- Operant chamber, invented an apparatus that allowed him to manipulate the consequences of behavior. 

-Positive reinforcement= is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of the behavior.

-Negative reinforcement= is followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus, increasing the probability of the behavior. 

- positive reinforcement increases the probability by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus following a response; negative reinforcement does the same in reverse.

-reinforcement= always increases the probability of a response recurring.

Positive punishment- behavior that is followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus. Basically something is added to the situation.

Negative situation- behavior that is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, Basically something is subtracting from the situation.

-punishment= always reduces the probability of a response occurring again.

- Discriminative stimulus= stimulus that acts as a predictor of reinforcement, signaling when particular behaviors will result in positive reinforcement.

-Three term contingency= the means by which organisms learn that, in the presence of some stimuli but not others, their behavior is likely to have a particular effect on the environment.   

Observational behavior- the process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of another.

-vicarious conditioning= is a type of observational behavior. the strengthening or weakening of an operant response due to observing whether a model is reinforced or punished, respectively, for producing that response.