Term
|
Definition
| when someone is an authority figure, we fail to challenge them, even if we are right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any action intended to benefit another (regardless of the motive)
ex) Giving a large tip to a waiter to impress your boss with generosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward |
|
|
Term
| Three explanations for why we help |
|
Definition
| social exchange, social norms, kin protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Social Economics” → maximize rewards, minimize costs, egoism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motivated by the desire to increase one’s own welfare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reciprocity Norm, social responsibility norm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
|
|
Term
| Social responsibility Norm |
|
Definition
| societal rule (injunctive norm) that people should help those dependent on them and in need their assistance. (child or parent or grandparent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Survival of genes in one’s own offspring AND in any relative one helps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When others are present, the collective uncertainty may lead to hesitancy, which is collectively viewed as a signal that nothing is wrong and no action is needed |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
| the belief that others present are responsible for helping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gender: Women are more likely to ask for help
Similarity: People similar to us
Responsibility: People who aren't responsible for what happen(ed)s to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First, someone needs to notice the emergency
Second, the event needs to be interpreted as an emergency
Then, you assume some responsibility
Fourth, know appropriate form of assistance
Fifth, implement decision
LAST, INTERVENE AND OFFER ASSISTANCE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceivers drop certain details because they can’t remember them, or details do not fit their cognitive categories or assumptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| details of stories that are consistent with values and interpretations of the perceiver are emphasized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain beliefs about members of the out-group that may not be true; create expectations which lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, THE COGNITIVE SIDE; Stereotypes save cognitive effort |
|
|
Term
| Expectancy Confirmation Bias |
|
Definition
o Failure to search for disconfirming evidence
o Selective attention
o Interpretation of ambiguous information
o Memory for consistent information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that leads to its own fulfillment; • Automatic activation of negative stereotype → treat target poorly → target behaves poorly in response → negative stereotype confirmed and the circle connects here and continues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attitude or feeling (emotional response, usually negative) towards members of some group, based solely on their membership in that group; THE EMOTIONAL REACTiON |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the behavior of treating people differently according to their membership of a group; THE BEHAVIORAL SIDE |
|
|
Term
| Realistic conflict theory |
|
Definition
the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination; inter-group competition;When there are sufficient resources, there is no competition necessary
When resources are scarce, there becomes a competition with a minority group |
|
|
Term
| Why (else) do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination exist? |
|
Definition
| Intergroup competition, bolster self-esteem and self image, and to gain social approval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to win approval from our group members, we may conform to their negative views of other groups; o A prejudiced social environment provides permission for people to express bigoted opinions they already hold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Direct or “Formal” Discrimination
o Built into legal, political, social and economic institutions hiring, access, resources
• Indirect Discrimination or “interpersonal” Discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Direct or “Formal” Discrimination
o Built into legal, political, social and economic institutions hiring, access, resources
• Indirect Discrimination or “interpersonal” Discrimination
Nonverbal or verbal, not built into legal institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two or more people who influence each other;
o Two or more interacting people
o Who share a common goal
o Have a stable (lasting) relationships
o Are somehow interdependent
o And perceive that they are part of a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well-mastered tasks and worse performances on un-mastered tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concern about how one appears in the eyes of others; that is, about being evaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing one’s personal efforts with in a group; o The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable; MUCH LIKE DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY |
|
|
Term
| When do groups produce better outcomes? |
|
Definition
• 1) Division of labor (combine contributions of several individuals)
• 2) See and correct individual errors |
|
|
Term
| How can you reduce social loafing? |
|
Definition
• 1) Makes sure each person’s work is identifiable
2) Make the task personally meaningful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of losing ones sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one’s normal values; consequence of group membership; • It occurs in situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual; occurs according to group size, physical anonymity, and arousing and distracting activities; The idea behind deindividuation has to do with self-awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternatives, win which case the whole group loses. |
|
|
Term
| Prisoner’s Dilemma game (PDG) |
|
Definition
| a research paradigm that creates mixed motives; participants are encouraged to cooperate by moderate rewards, but are tempted to compete by larger ones |
|
|
Term
| The Tragedy of the Commons |
|
Definition
| the short-term individual gain conflicts with the long term good of a large group |
|
|
Term
| Replenishing resource management dilemma |
|
Definition
A situation in which group members have a renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits if group members do not overharvest it but also whereby any single individual profits from harvesting as much as possible.
o E.g. use of fossil fuels, rain forests, ozone, fish stocks, exploiting library resources, etc.
o Selfish responses are sins of commission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everyone benefits if you give, many free-ride by giving nothing
o E.g giving blood and organ donation, paying taxes, community action
o Selfish responses to public goods dilemmas are “sins of omission” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the desire to be near others and to have pleasant interactions with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional, material, or informational assistance provided by other people |
|
|
Term
| WHO DO YOU BECOME FRIENDS WITH AND WHY? |
|
Definition
| Similarity, proximity, mere exposure, and physical attractiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most powerful predictor of friendship formation is similarity in attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| Proximity and repeated exposure |
|
Definition
| geographic nearness Is a powerful predictor of friendship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to feel positively towards stimuli we have seen frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the most powerful determinants of initial liking for another person |
|
|
Term
| What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype |
|
Definition
| the belief that physical attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics. |
|
|
Term
Birds of a feather flock together
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Demographic similarity
2. Similarity in personality and mood
3. Similarity in physical attractiveness
4. Attitudinal similarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Old guys want attractive young girls |
|
|
Term
| The Looks for Status Trade Off (Trophy husband syndrome) |
|
Definition
| Young girls want older men of STATUS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women can become pregnant so they can’t be naïve about a lover
- Cost is high if a guy misses an opportunity, cause girls are less likely to comply with a guys request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom we are intertwined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feelings of love consist of: general physiological arousal and a label for that arousal
-Theory posits that we can confuse the specific cause of our arousal and may mistake fear or anxiety for “love.” |
|
|
Term
| Misattribution of Arousal |
|
Definition
| the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior that is intended to injure another
• It is a behavior (not just a feeling)
• It is intended (no accidental)
• It is aimed at hurting (not assertiveness or playfulness)
o Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face conflict'
• Example, spreading a rumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior intended to hurt someone “to his or her face.”
• Example. A hockey player hitting another player, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hurtful behavior that stems from a result of angry feelings (direct or indirect)
• Example: a child throwing a temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hurting another to accomplish another (non-aggressive) goal
• Mother spanking a child to discourage kid from throwing a temper tantrum |
|
|
Term
| GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION |
|
Definition
• There is no clear sex difference in reporting feelings of anger
• Women are more prone to experience feelings of jealousy in relationships.
• Women are more likely to use physical aggression against partners (etc. slapping)
• Men are more likely to use direct forms of aggression.
• Women are more likely to use indirect forms of aggression.
• But men’s aggression is more likely to cause physical harm
• Men are more likely to commit homicide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Set of societal norms with central idea that people (particularly men) should eb ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary.
o Southern US has more honor-related homicides.
• Southerners engage in more status gaining behaviors:
Hold their grip longer
Shake hands more firmly
Show an increase in testosterone and cortisol (a stress hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Social Learning Theory of Aggression |
|
Definition
• Theory that aggressive behavior is learned through
o 1: direct reward: example child is encouraged for using firearms.
o 2: Observing others being rewarded for Aggressiveness
• Example: a television character wins the girl of his dreams as a result of killing several people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating stuff |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-Aggressive Hypothesis |
|
Definition
• The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to aggression in the extent that
• Example: Frustration, pain, heat, or anything other negative feelings lead to emotional aggression. |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-Aggressive Hypothesis |
|
Definition
• The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to aggression in the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
• Example: Frustration, pain, heat, or anything other negative feelings lead to emotional aggression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for weapons such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions |
|
|
Term
| Telephone game demonstration |
|
Definition
| • Stereotyping or Sharpening/Leveling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Social dilemma → tragedy of the commons/ Replenishing resource management dilemma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Self fulfilling prophesy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Social loafing: the idea that people exert less effort in a group than individually |
|
|
Term
| WHATS THE OLD LADIES PERSONALITY AND WHAT DOES SHE DO IN HER FREE TIME demonstration |
|
Definition
| • Stereotyping due to cognitive effort; people who had to memorize 8 numbers would stereotype more |
|
|
