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| Although some psychological disorders are culture bound others are universal for ex in every known culture some people have |
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| A physician may wash her hands 100 times a day and few people would think her behavior was disorderd but if a lawyer washes his hands 100 times a day for no apparent reason and has no time left to meet with clients the hand washing will probalby be labeled disordered because it is among other things |
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Definition
| distressing and disfunctional |
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| Some therapists adhere to the idea that psychological disorders are sicknesses and that people with these disorders should be referred to hospitals where they can be treated as patients this approach is called the |
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| Many psychologist reect the disorders as illness view and instead contend that other factors may be inbolbed for example a growth blocking difficulty in the persons environment or the persons bad habits and poor social skills psychologist whotake this approach to psychological disorders are said to be advocates of the aproach |
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| The american psychiatric associations system of classifying pychological disorders is found in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders one study found that psychologists using dsm 4 agreed on a diagnosis for more than 80 percent of patients the dsm 4s reliability stems in part from its reliance on |
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Definition
| structured interview procedure |
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| When anxiety is so distressing uncontrollable or persistent that is results in a maladaptive behavuor the person is said to have an anxiety disorder if that anxiety takes the form of an irrational fear of a specific object or situation the disorder is called |
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| The experience of anxiety often involves physical symptoms such as trembling dizziness chest pains or choking sensations an episode of intense dread typically accompanied by such symptoms and by feelings of terror is called |
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| Marinas mom never had to remind her to clean her room when marina became consumed with the need to clean the whole house and refused to participate in other activities her family consulted a therapist who diagnosed her as having |
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Definition
| Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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| Rats subjected to unpredictable shocks in the lab become chronically anxious to the learning reasearcher this suggests that anxiety is a response to |
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| Psychologists have different ideas about the causes of phobias some stress the importance of biological predispositions nothing that we seem predisposed to fear certain stumui but psychologists of the learning perspective propose that phobias are |
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| Dissociative identity disorder is relatively rare this disorder is conroversial be |
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Definition
| its almost never reported outside North America |
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| Unlike other psychological disorders personality disorders need not involve any apparent depression or loss of contact with reality a personality disorder such as antisocial personlity is characterized by q |
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Definition
| enduring and maladaptive personality traits |
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| The disorder that is so common it has been called the common cold of psychological disorders is |
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| A oerson with bipolar disorder may alternate between the lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania although bipolar disorder is as maladaptive as depression it is much less common and it affects |
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| Depression affects many people often following a stressful event such as divorce or job change in a depressive episode a person tends to be inactive and unmotivated and overly sensitive to negative happenings the rate of depression is |
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Definition
| increasing among young people |
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| depression tends to run in families it can often be alleviated b drugs that block the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as |
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Definition
| norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Term
| psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions beliefs and thoughts in depression are working within the _____________ perspective |
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| People with schizophrenia may speak illogiacally and hear voices urging self destruction hearing voices in the absence of any auditory stimulation is an example of a |
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| Schizophrenia is actually a clister of disorders characterized by positive or negative symptoms a person with positive symptoms is most likely to experience |
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| Stressful events and inherited abnormalities in brain chemistry and structure are possible factors in the development of schizophrenia chances for recovery are best when |
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Definition
| onset is sudden in response to stress |
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| All of the psychological therapies involve verbal interactions between a trained professional and a person with a problem a therapist who encourages people to relate teir dreams and searches for the unconscious roots of their problems is drawing from |
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| According to psychoanalytic theory a patients emotional relationship with the therapist mirrors other important relationships in the patients life for example an early relationsip with a parent developing strong feelings for the analyst is an important part of the psychoanalytic process and is called |
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| Humanistic therapists focus on present experience on becoming aware of feelings as they arise and taking responsibility for them compared with psychoanalysts humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize |
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Definition
| self fulfillment and growth |
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| Especially importannt to carl rogers client centered theraoy is the technique of active listening the therapist who practices active listening |
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Definition
| restates and clarifies the clients statements |
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| Behavior therapists apply learning principles to the treatment of problems such as phobias and alcoholism in such treatment the goal is to |
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Definition
| eliminate unwanted behavior |
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| Behavior therapists often use counterconditioning to produce new responses to old stimuli two counterconditioning techniques are systematic dresensitization and |
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| The technique of systematic desensitization teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety provoking stimuli SD has been especially effective in the treatment of |
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| The technique of systematic desensitization teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety provoking stimuli SD has been especially effective in the treatment of |
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Definition
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| The technique of systematic desensitization teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety provoking stimuli SD has been especially effective in the treatment of |
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| In token economies people who display a desired behavior or take a step in the right direction earn tokens which they can later exchange for other rewards. Token economies are an application of |
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| Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy teaches people to stop attributing failures to personal inadequacy and success to external circumstances this form of cognitive therapy has been shown to especially effective in treating |
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Definition
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| psychotherapy is in large part an indivitual process although most therapies may occur in therapist led small groups the social context of this group therapy tells people that others have problems similar to theirs and alllows them to act out alternative behaviors in family therapy the therapist assumes |
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Definition
| each persons actions trigger reactions from other family members |
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| The question is psycho therapy effective has been the subject of hundreds of scientific studies and innumerable personal accounts the most enthusiastic or optimistic view or psychotherapy |
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Definition
| reports of clinicians and clients |
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| on average troubled people who undergo therapy are more likely to improbe that those who do not and theray tends to be most effective when the problem is clear cut and specific studies show that _______________ therapy is most effective overall |
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| Peoples belief that a treatment will help them is often sufficient to cause some improvement. Improved moral and diminished symptoms in response to a nuetral treatment such as an inert pill is an ex of |
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| Those who ofer or receive alternative therapies usually feel that testimonials are enough evidence of the success of the theraoy one alternative therapy that has passed the test of critical evalution is |
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| Antipsychotic drugs used to calm schizophrenia patiets often bring relief from auditory hallucinations and other trobling symptoms however some of them can have unpleasant side effects most notably |
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Definition
| sluggishness tremors and twitches |
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Term
| xanax and atican which depress central nercous system activity are often used as ongoing treatment and can lead to dependencey these drugs are referred to as |
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| One substance that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy are biomedical treatments lobotomy once used to treat uncontrollably violent patients is no longer an accepted treatment ect however remains in use as a treatment for |
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| Poverty unemployment racism and sexism are conditions that put people at high rish for developing psychological disorders an approach that seeks to identify and alleviate such conditions before they cause disorders is |
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