Term
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Definition
| Mental process that enables us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recovering stored information |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory is divided into three distinct stages: sensory, short term, and long term |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental information is registered for .25-3 seconds. Has a large capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Active working memory system in which new information is transferred from sensory memory, old information is retrieved from long term memory. It has a limited capcaity (around 7) and a duration of approximately 20 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third memory stage that holds encoded short term memory. Potentially unlimited capacity for information. Its duration is portentially permanent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arranged the experiment in which letters were displayed in 4 rows of 3 letters each. They were flashed on a screen for 1/20 of a second. A high medium or low tone would then sound, indicating a row. The subject would report the letters in the row indictaed by the tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciously rehearsing information to maintain it in short term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouping related bits of information together into a single unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of informations; in Baddeley's model, includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive components. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rehearsal which focuses on the meaning of information to help encode and trasfer it to long term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term memory of how to perform different skills |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term memory of specific events or episodes, including the time and place that they occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| General knowledge that includes facts, names, definitions, concepts, and ideas. |
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Term
| 3 types of long term memory |
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Definition
| Procedural, episodic, and semantic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing items into related groups or clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that says whenever one concept is activated in the semantic network, it can spread in any number of directions, activated other associations in the semantic network. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clue, prompt, or hint that can help trigger recall of a stored memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| THe inability to recall long term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues. |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-Tongue (ToT) Experience |
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Definition
| THe inability to get a bit of information that you're absolutely certain is stored in your memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Producing information using no retrieval cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying the correct information from several possible choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendancy to retrieve information more easily from the beginning and the end of a list rather than from the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendancy to recall the first items in a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to recall the final items in a list. |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| The principle that re-creating the original learning condition makes retrieval easier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to remember information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting in which you originally learned the information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is thought to involve the recall of very specific details or images surroundeing a significant, rare, or vivid event, much like a camera flash captures the specific details of a scene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to remember information that was previously available. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began the scientific study of forgetting. Plotted the famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| THe information was never incoded into long term memory in the first place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering to do something in the furture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that postulates that we forget memories because we don't use them and they fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that states that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when a new memory interferes with remembering and old memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of forgetting that involves the deliberate, conscious effort to forget information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The kind of forgetting that occurs unconsciously. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychologist is at the forefront of research on memory distortions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten. |
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Term
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Definition
| A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized cluster of information about a particular topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| An American physiological psychologist whose research focused on how learning and memory were represented in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resumed the search for the location of the memory trace that would confirm Pavlov's speculations 20 years after Lashley's death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual, physical process of converting new long term memories to stable, enduring long term memory codes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward acting amnesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or a condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive desease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common form of dementia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan. |
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Term
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Definition
| The single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus. |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A unity of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unity of heredity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic makeup of an individual organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific description of the complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the different forms of a particular gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The observable traits of characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes, designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first two weeks of prenatal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second period of prenatal development, extending from the thrid week through the eighth week. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harmful agents or substances that can cause malfromations or defects in an embryo or fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the xternal environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes. |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity. |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain-wave pattern asssociated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness. |
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Term
| Hypnagogic Hallucinations |
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Definition
| Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single but large high voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted. |
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Term
| Restorative Theory of Sleep |
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Definition
| The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theview that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called evolutionary theory of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real life events during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in themanifest content of a dream. |
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Term
| Activation-Sythesis Model of Dreaming |
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Definition
| The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story. |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep sleep behavior disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inablility to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep. |
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Term
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and breif lapses into sleep thoughout the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experences during sleep; sexsomnia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism. |
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Term
| Sleep-Related Eating Disorder |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively. |
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Term
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder in which the sleeper verbally and physically responds to the dream story; the result of a failure of the brain mechanisms that normally suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnosist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A suggestion mad during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supposed enhancement of a persons memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity. |
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Term
| Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis |
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Definition
| Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during the hypnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasant physcial reactions, combined with intese drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce and alteration in consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain relieveing properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulant drug found in tabacco products. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree. |
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Term
| Stiulant-Induced Psychosis |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine psychosis or cocain psychosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus. |
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Term
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) |
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Definition
| A synthetic psychedelic drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of leaning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing an eutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulis elicits the same response; also called respondednt conditioningor Pavlovian conditioning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by a UCS. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CE) |
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Definition
| The learned, reflexive response to a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a learned response not only to the orginial stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli. |
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Term
| Higher Order Conditioning (aka Second-order Conditioning) |
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Definition
| A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Extinction (in Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and apparent disappearence of conditioned behavior. Incalssical conditioning, this occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called placebo effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. |
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Term
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Definition
| In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and repsonses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produnce consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response; also called Skinnerian conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or espace from an aversive stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated. |
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Term
| Punishment by Application |
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific stimulus in the prescence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced. |
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Term
| Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) |
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Definition
| The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
| Extinction (in Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearence of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| The Phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement. |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses. |
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Term
| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occured. |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforceer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Term
| Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delevered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurse after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| TOlman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not hehaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychologist who performed the Classic Bobo Doll Experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light, involving hue, saturation (purity), and brightness (intensity). |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of wavelengths of light known as color; different wavelengths correspond to our subjective experience of different colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of color that corresponds to the purity of the light wave. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percieved intesity of a color, which corresponds to the amplitude of the light wave. |
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Term
| Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision |
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Definition
| The theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, or blue light. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of several inherited forms of color deficiency or weakness in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present. |
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Term
| Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision |
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Definition
| The theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited. |
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Term
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Definition
| The technical term for the sense of hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intensity (or amplitude) of a sound wave, measured in decibels. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intesity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; the amplitude of a sound wave determines a sound's loudness. |
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| The unit of measurement for loudness. |
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| The relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave. |
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| The rate of vibration, or the number of sound waves per second. |
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| The distinctive quality of sound, determined by the conplexity of the sound wave. |
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| The part of the ear that collects sound waves; consists of the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum. |
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| A tightly stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when hit by soundwaves. |
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| The part of the ear that amplifies sound waves; consists of three small bones: the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup. |
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| The part of the ear where sound is transduced into neural impulses; consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals. |
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| The coiled, fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells. |
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| The membrane within the cochlea of the ear that contains the hair cells. |
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| The hairlike sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea. |
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| The view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave. |
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| The view that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane. |
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| Technical name for the sense of smell. |
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| Techincal name for the sense of taste. |
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| The enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where the sensation of smeel is registered. |
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| Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species. |
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| The specialized sensory receptores for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat. |
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| The unpleasant sensation of physical discomfort or suffering that can occur in varying degrees of intesity. |
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| Specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs. |
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| A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain. |
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| Gate-Control Theory of Pain |
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| The theory that pain is a prduct of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which percieves them as pain. |
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| The technical name for the sense of location and position of body parts in relation to one another. |
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| Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement. |
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| The technical name for the sense of balance, or equilibrium. |
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| Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern, analysis that moves from the parts to the whole; also called data-driven processing. |
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| Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at a meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to the parts is also called conceptually driven processing. |
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| A school of psychology founded in Germany in the early 1900s that maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules that result in meaningful whole perceptions, or gestalts. |
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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| Perception of information by some means other than through the normal processes of sensation. |
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| The scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities. |
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| The use of visual cues to percieve the distance or three-dimensional characteristics of objects. |
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| Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone. |
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| Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes. |
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| The tendency to perceive objects, espectially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input. |
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| The perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina. |
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| The perception of a familiar object as maintaining the same shape regardless of the image produced on the retina. |
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| The misperception of the true characteristics of an object or an image. |
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| A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, on with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward. |
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| A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger whin it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead. |
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| The tendency to percieve objects or situations from a particular fram of reference. |
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