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| Patterns of emotion, thought, and action deemed pathological for one or more of the following reasons: infrequent occurrence, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness. |
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| Refuges established in western Europe in the fifteenth century to confine and provide for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital. |
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| Process believed to underlie the effectiveness of aversion therapy. |
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| The study of individual differences in behavior that are attributable to differences in genetic makeup. |
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| A branch of psychotherapy conceived narrowly as the application of classical and operant conditioning to the alteration of clinical problems, but more broadly as applied experimental psychology in a clinical context. |
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| The school of psychology originally associated with John B. Watson, who proposed that observable behavior, not consciousness, is the proper subject matter of psychology. Contemporary behaviorists do use mediational concepts, provided they are firmly anchored to observables. |
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| A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR). |
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| An individual who has earned a Ph.D. degree in psychology or a Psy.D. and whose training has included an internship in a mental hospital or clinic. |
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| Conditioned response, (CR) |
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Definition
| A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR). |
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| A doctoral level mental health professional whose training is similar to that of a clinical psychologist, though usually with less emphasis on research and serious psychopathology. |
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| Relearning achieved by eliciting a new response in the presence of a particular stimulus. |
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| The doctrine that a person's abnormal behavior is caused by an autonomous evil spirit. |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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| A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be useful in alleviating profound depression. |
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| The casting out of evil spirits by ritualistic chanting or torture. |
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| The elimination of a classically conditioned response by the omission of the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the elimination of the conditioned response by the omission of reinforcement. |
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| Infection of the central nervous system by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, which destroys brain tissue; marked by eye disturbances, tremors, and disordered speech as well as severe intellictual deterioration and psychotic symptoms. |
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| Proposed definition of mental disorder that contains both a value judgement (harmful) and an putatively objective scientific component (dysfunction). |
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| A principle of learning that holds that behavior is acquired by virtue of its consequences. |
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| Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others; or teaching by demonstrating and providing opportunities for imitation. |
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| A therapeutic regimen, introduced by Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, whereby mentally ill patients were relesed from their restraints and were treated with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration. |
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| The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with the removal of an aversive stimulus. |
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| The acquisition or elimination of a response as a function of the environmental contingencies of reinforcement and punishment. |
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| The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with a desired reward. |
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| A physician (M.D.) who has taken specialized postdoctoral training, called a residency, in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. |
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| Prescribed chemical compunds, for example Prozac, having a psychological effect that alters mood or thought process. |
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| A therapist who has taken specialized postdoctoral training in psychoanalysis after earning an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree. |
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| Mental health professionals who conduct research into the nature and development of mental disorders. Their academic backgrounds can differ; some are trained as experimental psychologists, others as psychiatrists, and still others as biochemists. |
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| The field concerned with the nature and development of mental disorders. |
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| A primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction. |
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| In operant conditioning, reinforcing responses that are successively closer approximations to the desired behavior. |
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| A mental health professional who holds a master of social work (M.S.W.) degree. |
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| The pernicious beliefs and attitudes held by a society, ascribed to groups considered deviant in some manner, such as the mentally ill. |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| A major behavior therapy procedure that has a fearful person, while deeply relaxed, imagine a series of progressively more fearsome situations, such that fear is dispelled as a response incompatible with relaxation; useful for treating psychological problems in which anxiety is the principal difficulty. |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR). |
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