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1. Cognitive psychology is best characterized as the study of:
A) the physiological mechanisms in the brain and elsewhere that mediate behavior and psychological experiences.
B) how various forms of mental information guide behavior and experience.
C) the various mental and/or emotional disorders that trouble people.
D) the manner in which changes in behavior are directly related to changes in the environment. |
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2. Darwin's concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____ of behavior.
A) functions
B) structure
C) limitations
D) variation |
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3.
A(n) _____ is a model used to explain observations and make predictions, whereas a(n) _____ is a prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.
A)
fact; theory
B)
theory; fact
C)
theory; hypothesis
D)
hypothesis; theory |
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4.
A researcher has two groups of subjects, one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable?
A)
the number of words
B)
the subjects' scores on the recall test
C)
whether or not the subjects have been taught the memory aid
D)
the amount of time subjects took to complete the recall test |
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| C. whether or not the subjects have been taught the memory aid. |
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5.
How can an experiment allow a researcher to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between two variables?
A)
Experiments allow researchers to investigate natural relationships between two or more variables without having to actually manipulate the variables themselves.
B)
If other variables are kept constant and only the independent variable is changed, a researcher can conclude that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable.
C)
Researchers are able to apply different conditions of the dependent variable to each subject or groups of subjects, thus observing what effects this produces.
D)
Uh-oh, trick question: Cause-effect relationships involving human behavior can never be shown because of the wide differences among individuals and even among the same individuals in different situations. |
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6.
Researchers found a positive correlation between television violence and levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. According to this finding, people who watch more television violence tend to have _____ levels of cortisol than those who watch less.
A)
higher
B)
lower
C)
neither higher nor lower
D)
healthier |
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7.
As a sort of shorthand, people speak of genes “for” artistic ability or other behavioral traits. What this shorthand means, but leaves unsaid, is that:
A)
genes produce the trait only insofar as they contribute to the underlying physiology.
B)
genes create the behavior directly.
C)
inherited behavioral traits confer some survival advantage on the species.
D)
the manifestation of the trait is unaffected by environment. |
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8.
A gene that produces its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition is:
A)
regressive.
B)
recessive.
C)
dominant.
D)
monozygotic.
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9.
The process of evolution:
A)
produces species that are better adapted to their current environment.
B)
prepares species for future conditions.
C)
leads species toward the highest form of existence they can attain.
D)
leads species toward that which is good and natural for them. |
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| C. leads species toward the highest form of existence they can attain. (?) |
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10.
Which of the following statements is not consistent with Trivers's theory of parental investment?
A)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment will be more competed for by members of the opposite sex.
B)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment will exert the greater discrimination in choosing mates.
C)
When the two sexes are approximately equal in parental investment, their degree of competition for mates will also be approximately equal.
D)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment is the one more likely to have multiple mates. |
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D. Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment is the one more likely to have multiple mates.
This statement is false. |
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11.
The kin selection theory of altruism is designed to explain:
A)
the role that learning plays in the development of altruism.
B)
how apparent acts of altruism can be consistent with the principle of evolution by natural selection.
C)
why highly aggressive animals are more likely to show altruism than are less aggressive animals.
D)
why highly aggressive animals are less likely to show altruism than are less aggressive animals. |
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| B. How apparent acts of altruism can be consistent with the principle of evolution by natural selection. |
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12.
The function of sensory neurons is to:
A)
organize and integrate information in the central nervous system.
B)
carry information to the central nervous system.
C)
transmit messages between motor neurons.
D)
transmit messages from motor neurons to interneurons. |
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B. carry information to the central nervous system.
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13.
In which part of the neuron does the action potential take place?
A)
the dendrites
B)
the axon
C)
the cell nucleus
D)
all of the above |
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14.
The division of the nervous system that carries neural commands directly to the muscles that produce observable body movements is the:
A)
central motor system.
B)
skeletal motor system.
C)
autonomic nervous system.
D)
parasympathetic system. |
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15.
Talita is anxious about skydiving for the first time. As she waits her turn to jump, her heart races and she has a surge of energy. Clearly, the _____ division of her autonomic nervous system is active.
A)
skeletal
B)
parasympathetic
C)
peripheral
D)
sympathetic |
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16.
After being hit in the back of the head with a lacrosse stick, Geoff began having problems with his vision. Which of the following lobes of the brain was most likely damaged?
A)
occipital
B)
temporal
C)
frontal
D)
parietal |
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17.
In general, one can determine whether an animal is experiencing a particular motivational state by:
A)
directly observing the motivational state.
B)
inferring the motivational state from the animal's behavior.
C)
directly measuring what is happening in neurons.
D)
doing all of the above. |
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18.
Nick feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a Gatorade stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nick to the Gatorade stand is thirst. The Gatorade itself represents a(n):
A)
regulatory drive.
B)
motivation. |
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| a drive that helps preserve homeostasis (maintaining internal conditions of the body.) |
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| factors that cause an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time. |
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| muscle movements, judgement |
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| muscles that produce observable movements. |
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| regenerative, growth-promoting, and energy-conserving functions |
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Motor System
responds to stressful stimulation "fight or flight" |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| set of nerves which connect the central nervous system to the bodies sensory organs. |
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Motor System
visceral muscles (not attached to bones) and glands |
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| muscles not attached to bones so they do not move the skeleton |
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| wave of change in the electrical charge across the axon membrane, which moves rapidly from one end of the axon to the other. |
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| receive input to the neuron. |
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| carry messages to other neurons |
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| carry information from sensory organs through nerves to the central nervous system. |
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| carry messages out from CNS to operate muscles and glands. |
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| within the CNS to carry messages from one set of neurons to another. |
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| altruistic behavior towards someone because they share your genes. |
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altruistic towards someone because you would like them to do the same for you.
GOLDEN RULE |
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| helping someone while decreasing one's own survival chance. |
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| Trivers' theory of parental investment |
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| "In general, for species in which parental investment is unequal, the more parentally invested sex will (a) be more vigorously competed for than the other and (b) be more discriminating than the other when choosing mates. |
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| pair of identical chromosomes |
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| non-identical chromosomes |
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| one that will produce its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition. |
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| one that will produce its observable effects in the homozygous condition only. |
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cause an effect on another variable.
Time is always an independent variable. |
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| variable that will be affected. |
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| our knowledge is based on the environment around us. |
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| We are born with innate knowledge. |
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-self report
-observation without interaction
-reliance on archived evidence
**Limits: some behaviors are difficult to observe. Archival evidence may not have the info that you need.
Description, but no prediction. |
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mathematical association between two variables.
CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
e.g. height&weight |
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| the genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype can refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or the alleles at a particular locus. |
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| the observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism--the detectable expression of a genotype. |
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| variability due to genetic rather than environmental differences. |
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1. Surviving Infancy
2. Finding a mate/reproducing
3. Parenting Offspring |
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| decision making, memory, personality |
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higher mental processes and problem-solving
(includes frontal lobe, occipital, temporal, parietal) |
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