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Area of psychology that studies how behavior is:
-Initiated
-Directed
-Sustained |
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take actions that are themselves rewarding. (satisfaction)
ex.
- sex
- eat
- sleep |
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| Take actions that are not themselves rewarding, but lead to a reward. |
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| notion: all people are motivated to experience pleasure and try to avoid pain. |
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1. Physical dependence
- tolerance & withdrawals
(addictive drugs cocaine)
2. Psychological dependence
- habitual behavior despite consequences.
(gambling,shopping thc) |
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Mind alertive substances, change brain's neurochemistry by activating neurotransmiter behaviors.
ex:
-ecstasy
-opiates
-weed |
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drugs that increase behavioral & mental activity.
-improved mood
-deprivation of sleep
-normal re-uptake of dopamine |
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(methamphetamine)
- dopamine release & + serotonin release |
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| Marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol) |
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-psychological dependancy
-contended mood
-relaxed mental state |
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family of drugs that increase and produce:
- Dopamine release
- feelings of relaxation & euphoria
(heroin, morphine, codeine) |
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-most widely abused drug
-doesn't reduce anxiety
-doesn't improve mood
-Sexual arousal
-Interferes with sexual performance |
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| helps researchers separate alcohol effects from alcohol expectancy effects. |
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| Factors that Motivate Sex |
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-experience & learning
-culture influences what is sexually attractive |
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| attracted to opposite sex |
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| Identical twins have highest concordance rates fro sexual orientation. |
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Hierarchy of Needs 8.13
(Abraham Maslow) |
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Composed of:
- Self Actualization
- Peek Experiences |
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| People have satisfied the lower needs & achieved their full human potential. |
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| Times in a persons life were self-actualization is temporally achieved. |
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| Pleasures Motivate Adaptive Behavior |
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| Behaviors associated with pleasure are those that promote survival, whereas behaviors associated with or disgust interfere with survival. |
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Pleasure = dopamine release
However many pleasurable behaviors exceed adaptive needs. |
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| Self-Regulation of behavior: |
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| Process by which people initiate, adjust or stop in order to achieve personal goals. |
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-Culture determines what & when we eat
-Food preferences depend on familiarity |
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Strong belief that one is overweight.
- involves intense fear of becoming overweight that leads to self-starvation & weight loss. |
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| Eating Disorder in which victims alternatively consumes large amounts of food and then getting rid of it usually by vomiting. |
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| positive/negative experience associated with a particular pattern. |
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-Communicate Emotion
-Reveal emotions which are universal (not learned)
(anger,fear,disgust) |
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Culturally specific prescriptions that tell us, which emotions to display:
-to whom
-when |
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guides emotional expression & reflects social norms.
- men & women feel emotions equally, but express them differently. |
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relies on measuring autonomic nervous system arousal levels
Typical measures:
-Galvanic skin response
-Pulse, blood pressure
-Breathing rate |
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| emotional experience is the consequence and not the cause of our physiological reactions to objects and events in the world |
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| theory stating that stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain. |
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| theory stating that emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal. |
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Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus.
ex. Before an animal can feel fear its brain must first decide that there is something to be afraid of. |
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Effective strategy for emotion regulation.
- changing ones emotional experience by changing the situation.
ex. people feel sad when they are told that the woman crying in the picture is crying because she lost her baby. However, when they said the woman is crying because she got married, peoples emotion was different. |
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an attempt to regulate an emotion
ex. an attempt to cheer up-to turn negative emotions into positive ones. |
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| Universality of Expression |
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| hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning to everyone. |
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| Mortality-salience hypothesis |
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| prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews. |
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-conscious
-unconscious
-need for achievement
-approach
-avoidance |
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| motivation of which one is aware |
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| motivation of which one is not aware |
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| motivation to solve worthwhile problems |
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| Motivation not to experience negative outcomes |
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| A motivation to experience positive outcomes |
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