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| A variable that can be manipulated in an experiment. |
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| - The process by which substances are transported up and down the axon |
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| The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign |
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| Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. |
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-An increase in the membrane potential of a cell
-opening of a Cl- channel
-more negative |
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| -The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential |
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| -Sodium Na+ and Potassium K+ |
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The transmission of messages from 1 neuron to another through syanpses
- primary means of communication between neurons |
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| A cell in the PNS that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath |
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-Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.
-Advantages:Economy(less energy) and speed of conduction |
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-A glial cell that provides support for neurons in the CNS
-Provides nutrients and other substances
-Regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid |
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| An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients |
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- A barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries
-Regulates the composition of extracellular fluid |
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| -A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, amd parts of the hypothalamus |
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| Involved in learning and memory |
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| Involved in feelings and expression of emotions, emotional memories, and recognizing emotions on others. |
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-Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
-organizes behaviors related to survival |
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-Involved in the control of movement
- parts are caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus |
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| -peptides that function as neurotransmitters.[1] They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates |
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-a small bubble within a cell, and thus a type of organelle
-tool used by the cell for organizing cellular substances |
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| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| -a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential |
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Definition
| - the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse. |
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Definition
| large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life |
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| receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction |
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| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-gated ion channels |
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-is a neurotransmitter
- it mediates gut movements and the animals' perceptions of resource availability |
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| - information processing and information transmitting element of the nervous system |
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-the part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord including attached nerves
-Two divisions:Somatic and Autonomic |
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| -cell body that contains the nucleus |
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-A branched structure attached to the soma
-Receives information from terminal buttons |
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| - lipid bilayer that defines the boundary of cell |
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| - jelly-like substance that fills the cell |
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| - strands of proteins linked together to give the cell shape |
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- molecule that controls a chemical reaction
-Metabolic & Catabolic |
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Definition
-is produced from the DNA
-is transcribed by a ribosome to make a protein |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
- parallel layers of membrane that serves as storage and channel for transporting things through the cell
Rough - contains ribosomes
Smooth- lipid synthesis |
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Definition
| - parallel membrane that packages products to be secreted |
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| -away from the cell body to the terminal buttons |
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-supporting cells of the nervous system
- support and protect neurons in the CNS |
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| - insulates axon preventing message spread to other axons |
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-Provide support to axons
-Produce the myelin sheath |
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-1 sensory neuron
Detects painful stimuli
-1 interneuron
Excites MN causing muscle contraction
-1 motor neuron
Causes withdrawal |
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Definition
| -detect a noxious stimuli withdrawal muscle |
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Definition
| Abrupt depolarization of the membrane for a very brief period of time that allows the neuron to communicate over long distances |
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Definition
| - the electrical charge across a cell membrane or the difference in the electrical potential inside and outside of the cell |
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Definition
| - the membrane potential of a neuron at rest or when it is not being excited or inhibited by other inputs |
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Definition
- charged particle
Cation- positive charge
Anion- negative charge |
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Definition
-Diffusion pushes it out of the cell
-Electrostatic pressure pushes it into the cell |
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Definition
-Diffusion pushes it into the cell
-Electrostatic pressure pushes it out of the cel |
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Definition
-Diffusion pushes it into the cell
-Electrostatic pressure pushes it into the cell |
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Term
| Action potential sequence |
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Definition
-Once threshold is reached Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell(70mV to +40mV)
-The K+ channels open slightly later
-At height of AP Na+ channels become refractory
-No more Na+ entering and K+ is still leaving the cell(Inside of cell is now depolarized so K+ leaves the cell)
-The outflow of cations returns the membrane back to resting
overshoot(K+ channels close & Na+ channels reset) |
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Definition
-Maintains the resting potential
-Pumps 3 Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions into the cell |
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Definition
| - an action potential once triggered is transmitted without decreasing in size to the end of the neuron |
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Definition
| -variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the firing rate |
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Definition
-An AP is conducted down an axon to the the terminal buttons
-The AP triggers the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane
-The fusion causes the release of chemical messenger into the synaptic cleft
-The chemical messenger diffuses across the synapse to the postsynaptic membrane
-Interact with receptors located there |
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Definition
| - the membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| - the membrane on the cell that receives the message that is opposite the terminal button |
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