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| Perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn't match with its physical reality |
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| Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain |
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| The brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
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| The process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons |
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| Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
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| Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected. |
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| The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics |
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| Lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50 percent of the time. |
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| Just Noticeable Difference |
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| The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus we can't detect |
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| There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity. |
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| Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions |
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| A condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations |
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| The ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously |
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| Processing in which a whole is constructed from parts |
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| Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and experiences |
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| Set formed when expectations influence perceptions. We tend to see the world in accord with our own preconceptions. Think of old woman/young woman cartoon. |
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The process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
-Shape constancy (open v. closed doors)
-Size constancy (friend walking away)
-Color constancy (fireman jackets being bright yellow even in low light) |
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Process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others.
When tested with dichotic listening participants participate in "shadowing" meaning they will hear a combo of two things send into both ears to make a meaningful sentence. |
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| Our ability to pick out an important message, like out name, in a conversation that doesn't involve us... filter in our brain never really shuts off. |
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| Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere. |
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| Perception below the limen pr threshold of conscious awareness. |
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| Sub-threshold influences over our votes in elections, product choices, and life decisions. |
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| When we think that something has subliminally persuaded us but they really didn't do anything (Think of the switched tapes study) |
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Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation:
-Precognition: Predicting events before they happen through paranormal means
-Telepathy: Reading other people's minds
-Clairvoyance: Detection the presence of objects or people that are hidden from view
& kind of related but not really
-Psychokinesis: Moving objects by mental power alone |
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| Circular hole through which light enters the eye |
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| Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina. It is a curved, transparent layer covering the iris and pupil. |
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| Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus. |
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| Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far |
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| Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity |
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| Central portion of the retina |
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| Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
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| Time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity |
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| Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color. |
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| Nerve that travels from the retina to the brain. |
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| Part of the visual field we can't see because of an absence of rods and cones. |
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| Cell that detects lines and edges. |
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Rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context.
1. Proximity: Objects physically close to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes.
2. Similarity: All things being equal, we see similar objects as compromising a whole, much more so than dissimilar objects
3. Continuity: We still perceive objects as wholes, even if other objects block part of them.
4. Closure: When partial visual information is present, our brains fill in what's missing.
5. Symmetry: We perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren't.
6. Figure-ground: Perceptually, we make an instantaneous decision to focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure, and largely ignore what we believe to be the background. |
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| Idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors. |
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| Inability to see some or all colors. |
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| Theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors: either red or green, blue or yellow, or black or white. |
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| The ability to see spatial relations in three dimensions |
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| Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only. |
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| Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye |
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- Relative Size: All things being equal, more distant objects look smaller than closer objects
- Texture Gradient: The texture of objects becomes less apparent as objects move farther away
- Interposition: One object that's closer blocks our view of an object behind it. From this fact we know which object is is closer and which is farther away.
- Linear Perspective: The outlines of rooms or buildings converge as distance increases, a fact exploited by artists.
- Height in Plane: In a scene, distant objects tend to appear higher, and nearer objects lower.
- Light & Shadow: Objects cast shadows that give us a sense of their three-dimensional form |
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| Additional monocular cue that is not pictorial; the ability to judge the distance of moving objects from their speed |
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| Our left and our right eyes transmit quite different information for near objects but see distant objects similarly |
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| When we look at nearbye objects, we focus on them reflexively by using our eye muscles to turn our eyes inward. |
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| Sounds have pitch, which corresponds to the frequency of the wave. Higher frequency corresponds to higher pitch, lower frequency to lower pitch. |
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| Hz, The human ear can pick up frequencies ranging from about 20 - 20,000 Hz |
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| The amplitude- or height - of the sound wave corresponds to loudness, measured in decibels (dB) |
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| Complexity or quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique. |
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| Consists of the pinna (the part of the ear we see, namely, its skin and cartilage flap) and ear canal, has the simplest function; it funnels sound waves onto the eardrum. |
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| Contains ossicles- the three tiniest bones in the body- named the hammer,anvil, and stirrup, after their shapes. These ossicles vibrate at the frequency of the sound wave, transmitting it from the ear drum to the inner ear. |
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| The cochlea converts vibration into neural activity. The outer part of the cochlea is bony, but its inner cavity is filled with a thick fluid. Vibrations from sound waves disturb this fluid and travel to the base of the cochlea, where pressure is released and transduction occurs. |
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| bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing |
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| Tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing |
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| Membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea |
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| Specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch |
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| The rate at which the neurons fire the action potential reproduces the pitch |
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| A variation of frequency theory that works for tones between 100 and 5,000 Hz. Neurons fire at their highest rate, say 100 Hz, slightly out of sync with each other to reach overall rates up to 5,000 Hz. |
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| Because two sources of information take different routes, they arrive at the brain stem slightly out of sync with each other. Our brains compare the difference- a so called binaural cue- to localize sound sources. |
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| Heard by only one ear, these cues help us distinguish sounds that are clear from those that are muffled due to obstruction by the ear, head, and shoulders, allowing us to figure out where sounds are coming from. |
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| Emitting sounds and using echoes to determine their distance from a wall or barrier. (Think Screech in First Class) |
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| Sweet, salty sour, bitter, and umami (meaty/savory). There's preliminary evidence for a sixth taste, one for fatty foods |
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| Sense receptor in the tongue that responds to five basic tastes. |
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| Bumps on the tongue that contain numerous taste buds. |
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| Odorless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one's species |
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| Our sense of touch, temperature, and pain |
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| Touch informs us of our immediate surroundings whereas pain alerts us to take care of injuries. Pain information goes partly to the somatosensory cortex and partly to limbic |
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| Idea that pain is blocked or gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in spinal cord. |
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| Our sense of body position |
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| Our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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| Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance. |
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| Our subjective experience of our world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives. |
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| Outside realm of awareness |
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| Traditional View of Consciousness & Action |
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| Intend to jump --> motor cortex activation --> action |
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| Opposite View of Consciousness & Action |
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| Motor cortex activation --> intend to jump --> action |
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| Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming |
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| Difficulty falling and staying asleep |
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| Disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep |
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| Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue. |
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| Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep. |
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| Walking while fully asleep |
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| Freud's Dream Protection Theory |
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| Dreams contain the pesky sexual and aggressive impulses and transform them into symbols that represent wish fulfillment |
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| Activation-Synthesis Theory |
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| Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story. |
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| Theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape that we dream about |
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