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study of mental events, the mind
study of behavior (behavioralism) |
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structuralists believed so->instrospection (looking inward)
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gained and validated through the senses
scientific and non scientific |
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no observations/sensory explainations necessary to prove knowledge.
metaphysics/logic and math |
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| beyond physics, logical analysis (religion, beliefs) no validating.. believe or not |
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deductive, not by observations but logic and consistency
A2+B2=C2 |
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| experimental, social, developmental, industrial, behavioral neuro, clinical |
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| how humans learn/solve problems (individual) |
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| how groups interact with individuals |
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| chronological development, children ->entire lifespan |
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| relationship how psych interacts with the work place |
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| how the brain affects behavior |
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| researching why people get depressed |
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| statement of universal form that states relationship among events, in the most simplistic way |
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| A causes B when A is prior necessary and sufficient to B |
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mathematic relationship between 2 variables
DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSE |
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evolution v creationism
determinism v free will
mind-body problem |
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complex life forms do not arise from simple forms
God
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complex forms do arise from simple forms
self replication w genetic variability and natural selection |
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all events have cause
A--->B |
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everything is predictable if you
1 now intial comditions of system
2 know laws of the system
3 have computational power to apply laws (Laplace's demon-power to compute everything) |
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| allowed by modern quantum physics recognize some degree of random effects |
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make our own decisions
everything can be predicted BUT human behavior |
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| what are we made of? one "stuff" or two stuffs? |
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"body stuff",matter/energy
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| only one mind, all else an illusion |
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| just body.properties of a complex system that are not seen in the individual elements of the system (water=hydrogen and oxygen) |
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dualism mind, body and soul
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psychophysical interactionism
(2 stuffs)
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-mental events can cause BOTH mental/physical events
-physical events can cause BOTH mental/physical events |
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| psychophysical parallelism |
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-mental events cause ONLY mental events
-physical events cause ONLY physical events |
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-physical events cause BOTH physical/mental events
-mental events are CAUSED by physical events, but cause NOTHIGN |
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| belief in extra sensory perception |
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| clear vision, see everything (supernat) no physical boundries |
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| power to send spirit anywhere-gather information |
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| formalizing parsimonious laws |
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| electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling |
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1 recieve inputs from senses and other neurons (dendrites and soma)
2 integrate this input (axon hillock)
3 generate an output (axon, synaptic terminals) |
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| inside neuron is -70 mv w respect to outside |
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ALL OR NOTHIGN
charge = -55mv
inside goes from -70mv to +30mv and back
milisecond, have to wait to do it again |
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| release chemicals to next cell (release signal, let diffuse) |
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| epsp (excitatory post-synaptic potentials) |
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| takes neuron to threshold (-55mv) |
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| ipsp (inhibitory post synaptic potentials) |
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| takes neurons away from threshold (-55mv) |
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produce myelin
phagocytes (cleans mess in body)
development (radial glial)
supportive matrix
blood-brain barrier |
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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nerves can regenerate
somatic and autonomic branch |
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| controls skeletal musculature, mediates input from senses, spinal nerves (30-32 pairs) and cranial nerves |
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controls muscles in organs, vessels, glands, cardiac
sympathetic/parasympathetic |
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fight/flight response
in danger
rapid shut off
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vegetative functions (digestive, rest)
deals with recovery of sym.
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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brain and spinal cord
tracts cannot regenerate |
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bilaterally symmetrical (CNS)
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| divided along middle, mirror halves |
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| midbody to extreme left or right |
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| ipsilateral - contralateral |
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| on same side as another reference - opposite side |
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30-32 segments
cervical(8) thoriacic (12) lumbar(5) sacral (5) coccygeal(0-2) |
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| area of skin supplied by spinal nerve |
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via axonal tract
if cut, cannot regenerate
DORSAL |
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via axonal tracts
if cut cannot paralysis
VENTRAL
generates relfex->pass brain
control muscles below neck |
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neuronal cell bodies,blood, lack myelin, cortex (memory, thought, tissue)
inner core |
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appears because myelin
on outside |
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lowest portion of the brain
continuous with brain stem
white/gray matter
controls: vitals, injuries, passage of sensory info |
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motor functions, coordination, motor learning
cerebellum on top of pons, behind stem, 2 hems
sequence/timing of movements |
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| body temp, perception, sensory function(dorsal, vision, auditoral) |
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| midbrain reticular formation |
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| state of consciousness, sleep wake cycles (REM slow wave sleep) |
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4 major components :
1 epithalamus
2 dorsal thalamus
3 ventral thalamus
4hypothalamus
relay station FEEDBACK |
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center of brain
unitary structure
melatonin production |
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| sensory gateway to neocortex, several groups of sensory nuclei |
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regulation of complex body functions (food intake, fluid balance temp sexual act)
monitory blood chem
controlls pituitary glands |
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<5 layers
limbic system (drive, emotion)
hippocampus (memory)
olfaction (smell brain) |
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5+layers
4 lobes:
1 frontal
2 parietal
3 temporal
4 occipital |
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| reasoning, fine motor skills, language |
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middle section
textile skills, pressure, touch |
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bottom section
primarily auditory |
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back portion
visual cortex |
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| all senses but smell occipital parietal temporal |
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no motor/sensory
higher level of cognitive memory, problem solving, lan |
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sensory and motor areas rep on cortical surface
distorted. higher acuity/high motor dexterity more devoted tissue |
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damage to frontal lobe
trouble expressing verbally, understand;no speak
stores articulation codes that turn words into muscle actions |
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damage to left temperal area (near auditory)
receptive aphasia
fluent, nonsense speech
area converts sensory analysis perf by audi cortex into meaningful words |
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right field of vision left hem vice versa
help eachother out |
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facial recognitions
emotional tones
basic memory
tonal memory |
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| different people need different amounts of sleep |
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| sleep keeps us out of trouble |
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EEG:desynch (alpha waves)
EOG:REM
EMG:proximal muscles relaxed, distal twitching
PG:penal erections
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EEG:synch (delta)
EOG:relaxed
EMG:all muscles relaxed
PG:nomal
thoughts rather than dreams |
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fall asleep at inappropriate times
dangerous |
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| cannot breathe while sleeping |
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| hypnogogic hallucinations |
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