Term
|
Definition
| in the DSM-IV-TR, the clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups or clusters of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in DSM-IV-TR, the more long-standing personality disorders as well as mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coexistence of two or more disorders |
|
|
Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder involving intense fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden, short period of extreme anxiety involving physiological and psychological symptoms and intense fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks |
|
|
Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| a type of anxiety disorder trigger by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity |
|
|
Term
| social phobia (social anxiety disorder) |
|
Definition
| fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a repetitive behavior preformed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules |
|
|
Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which compulsive thoughts lead to obsessive behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder related to obsessive-compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to preform certain behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| category of psychological disorder characterized by severe disturbances in emotional behavior |
|
|
Term
| major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of depression that is milder in intensity than major depressive disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mood disorder characterized by by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders of thought and perception characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with preception |
|
|
Term
| positive symptoms (of schizophrenia) |
|
Definition
| the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in people with schizophrenia, a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary |
|
|
Term
| negative symptoms (of schizophrenia) |
|
Definition
| symptoms that include non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and the inability to complete tasks |
|
|
Term
| cognitive symptoms (of schizophrenia) |
|
Definition
| problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing and speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term for the speech of people schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subtype of schizophrenia characterized by preoccupation with delusions and auditory hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| subtype of schizophrenia characterized by the general symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subtype of schizophrenia characterized by two of the following: extreme immobility, excessive activity, peculiar posturing, mutism, or parroting what other people say |
|
|
Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| subtype of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Critical to problem solving, insight, and other high-level reasoning. Disturbances in schizophrenia lead to difficulty in planning actions and organizing thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in movement and emotions and in integrating sensory information. Abnormal functioning in schizophrenia is thought to contribute to paranoia and hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enables humans to hear and understand speech. In schizophrenia, over-activity of Wernicke's area (speech comprehension) can create auditory hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediates learning and memory formation, intertwined functions that are impaired in schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes visual sensations. People with schizophrenia rarely have full-blown visual hallucinations, but disturbances in this area contribute to such difficulties as interpreting complex images, recognizing motion, and reading emotions on others' faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in emotion. Disturbances are thought to contribute to the agitation frequently seen in schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness |
|
|
Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
|
Definition
| dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors,and emotions |
|
|
Term
| schizoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor |
|
|
Term
| schizotypal personality disorder |
|
Definition
| odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence |
|
|
Term
| paranoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways |
|
|
Term
| histrionic personality disorder |
|
Definition
| dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant and exxaggerated behaviors |
|
|
Term
| narcissistic personality disorder |
|
Definition
| dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by having extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinarily self-centered |
|
|
Term
| borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and a vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
| dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder |
|
|
Term
| avoidant personality disorder |
|
Definition
| anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction |
|
|
Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for |
|
|
Term
| obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
|
Definition
| anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
|
Term
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
| childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work |
|
|
Term
| autistic disorder or autism |
|
Definition
| childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits ans inward-focused behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted |
|
|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| drugs used for treating depression, as well as in chronic pain management and in the treatment of ADHD |
|
|
Term
| monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors |
|
Definition
| class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain |
|
|
Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
Definition
| drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a widely used antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive, but are less dangerous than barbiturates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of anxiety reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects |
|
|
Term
| traditional antipsychotics |
|
Definition
| historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth and body tremors resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of psycho-surgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; no longer in use |
|
|
Term
| electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) |
|
Definition
| treatment of last resort for sever depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce seizure |
|
|
Term
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior |
|
|
Term
| psychodynamic psychotherapy |
|
Definition
| therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though the person were someone from the client's past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ways in which the mind protects itself from anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient |
|
|
Term
| unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| basic tenet of client-centered therapy, the therapist's genuine liking and empathy for the client, regardless of what he or she has said or done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapies that apply the principals of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privleges |
|
|
Term
| systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
| a behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another |
|
|
Term
| cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
Definition
| an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation |
|
|
Term
| mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) |
|
Definition
| an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns |
|
|
Term
| dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) |
|
Definition
| treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome |
|
|
