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Definition
| group of neurons in the central nervous system with a similar function |
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| What is an example of a nucleus structure |
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Definition
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Definition
| atoms aligned by powerful magnet image created from temporary disruption of alignment of atoms in tissue, which emit energy as they settle back to a stable state |
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| branch of psychology that studies relation between brain function and behavior |
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| What is the main disadvantage of neuropsychology? |
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Definition
| -since lesions are accidental, no two lesions are the same, no two are identical and they usually encompass multiple brain regions |
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Definition
| created from injection of radioactive tracer attached to a molecule and measurement of where and when it accumulates in the brain |
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Definition
| positron emission tomography |
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| What are the advanteages of PET over fMRI? |
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Definition
-direct measure of metabolic activity
-can measure distribution of different chemicals across brain regions |
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Definition
| imaging the active(across time points) living brain |
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| What are the advantages of fMRI over PET? |
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Definition
-better spatial resolution
-doesn't require injection of radioactive substance
-only requires adaptation of commonly used MRI scanners |
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Definition
EEG>measuring electrical activity of brain from electrodes placed on scalp
ERP>measuring changes in electrical activity of brain to presentations of a stimulus |
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| What is the advantage of ERP and EEG compared to functional neuroimaging? |
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Definition
| more direct measure of brain activity |
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| What is the disadvantage of ERP and EEG compared to functional neuroimaging? |
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Definition
| difficult to determine exact brain region that changes in activity emerge from |
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Term
| What is single cell(aka single-unit) recording? |
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Definition
| recording action potentials of a neuron very close to the tip of a very thin metal electrode |
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Term
| What is intracranial drug infusion? |
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Definition
| infuse very small quantity of a drug into fluid around brain cells |
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Term
| What is synaptic plasticity? |
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Definition
| a type of neural plasticity that involves changes in synapses |
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Term
| What is long-term potentiation? |
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Definition
| a long lasting increase in synaptic communication |
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Term
| How is long-term potentiation produced and measured? |
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Definition
Produced> weak stimulation-strong stimulation-weak stimulation
Measured> increase in synaptic transmission |
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| What is the cellular basis for long-term potentiation? |
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Definition
1)weak stimulation of presynaptic neuron and recording from dendrite of postsynaptic neuron B.
2) Strong stimulation to axon of presynaptic Neuron A by a shot of tetnus
3)repeat #1 |
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Term
| What are the similarities of episodic and semantic memory? |
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Definition
-consciously accessible
-can be communicated flexibly {in a manner other than that in which it was acquired} |
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Definition
| memory system for personal events |
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Definition
| memory system for facts about yourself and the world |
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Term
What is unique to semantic memory? |
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Definition
-can be general information
-can be learned in a single exposure but can be stregthened reptition |
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Term
| How does an autobiographical memory interview test episodic memory? |
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Definition
autobiographical portion of the test
-asked to recall unique events from each of the 3 time periods |
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Term
| How does an autobiographical memory interview test semantic memory? |
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Definition
personal facts portion of tests
-asked to recall personal semantic knowledge from each of the 3 time periods |
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Term
| In Squire's view of memory do episodic and semantic memory function as one system or two? |
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Definition
| one system: semantic memory is dependent on episodic memory |
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Term
| In Tulving's view of memory do episodic and semantic memory function as one system or two? |
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Definition
| two system: semantic memory is not dependent on episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| initial processing of a stimulus that leads to a representation in memory |
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Term
| What are two examples of encoding being effected by characteristics of material? |
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Definition
Baker-baker paradox
Chunking |
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Term
| What is the Baker-baker paradox? |
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Definition
| when you can visualize something you are more likely to remember it |
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| What is the experimental evidence for the Baker-baker paradox encoding enhancement? |
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Definition
| When the subjects were able to visualize the name/occupation they were more likely to remember it |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping bits of knowledge into larger bits |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for chunking encoding enhancement? |
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Definition
| When the subjects chunked the chess game into meaningful bits, they were more likely to remember the game details |
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Term
| What is the serial-position effect? |
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Definition
| beginning and end portions of a list of items are encoded more easily |
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Term
| What is an example of encoding being affected by presentation of material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is primacy vs. recency? |
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Definition
Primacy> enhanced recall of first items in list
Recency> enhanced recall of last items in list |
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Term
| What are two examples of encoding affected by cognitive strategies of subject? |
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Definition
method of loci
depth of processing |
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Term
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Definition
| when you have a list of things to remember, you mentally follow a well knon route, imagining each of the to-be-recalled items at a location, recall involves "re-walking" the route |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for encoding enhancement by use of method of loci? |
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Definition
| When measuring which cognitive strategies encode the best it came up that loci as well as the peg method were the best encoders |
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Term
| What is shallow vs. deep in relation to depth of processing? |
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Definition
Deep processing> meaning based encoding
Shallow processing> surface-based encoding |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for encoding enhancement by deep processing? |
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Definition
| When people were asked one of three questions: is the word in capital letters, does the word rhyme with, use the word in a sentence.... the group that was asked to use the word in a sentence remembered the word the best |
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Term
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Definition
| process of transferring a short-term memory into long-term storage |
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Term
| How is consolidation revealed after electroconvulsive therapy? |
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Definition
| after ECT, the most recent memories are lost becaus they were not finished consolidating |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for encoding enhancement due to practice at retrieving? |
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Definition
| three groups of individuals were asked to read a passage. One group was asked to read, recite and review the passage. One group was asked to read each passage twice, taking notes as they went along. The last group was told to reread the passage twice. The read, recite, review group remembered it the best. |
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Term
| What is transfer-appropriate processing? |
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Definition
| retrieval is easier when cues, context and cognitive processes during retrieval match those during encoding |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for retrieval enhancement due to transfer-appropriate processing? |
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Definition
| There were four groups. The subjects watched a video of a lecture and then were given one of four assignments. No activity, studying a summary of the lecture, taking a multiple choice test on the lecture, taking a short answer test on the lecture. The short answer group did the best on the short answer test a month later |
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Term
| What is false memory due to exposure to misleading information? |
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Definition
-Remembering something that never happened
-People's memories are not only the sum of all that they have done, but are also the sum of what they have thought, what they have been told, and what they believe |
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Term
| What are the three components of the medial temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| hippocampus, perihinal cortex, entorhinal cortex |
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Term
| What are the locations of the three components of the medial temporal lobes in a brain section? |
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Definition
| Hippocampus is the inner most, then the enttorhinal cortex, then perirhinal cortex |
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Term
| With H.M. what part(s) of the brain were removed or damaged? What type of memory deficit occurred? |
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Definition
-bilateral removal of medial temporal lobe
-He could not recall somewhat old declarative memory and as well as form new declarative memory |
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Term
| With R.B. what part(s) of the brain were removed or damaged? What type of memory deficit occurred? |
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Definition
-bilateral lesion of hippocampus
-Could not recall new declarative memory |
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Term
| With K.C. what part(s) of the brain were removed or damaged? What type of memory deficit occurred? |
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Definition
-bilateral lesion of hippocampus
-He could not recall episodic declarative memory |
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Term
| What evidence from human neuroimaging studies do we have that says that the hippocampus is for encoding sequences of events? |
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Definition
| Subjects were asked to encode two sequences of 12 faces. In the "overlap" condition, 4 of the faces appeared in both sequences. In the "non-overlap" condition there was no overlap in the faces between the sequences. The hippocampus was more active in the overlap condition compared to the non-overlap condition. |
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Term
| What evidence from rat single-cell recording studies do we have that says the hippocampus is for encoding sequences of events? |
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Definition
| Rats had recording electrode implanted in hippocampus. Continuous alternation in a T-maze. Rat traversed central stem of maze an alternated between left and right turns to get reward. Individual hippocampal neurons fired in different location of "stem" of the maze depending on wheather trial required left/right turn. |
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Term
| What experiment demonstrated that hippocampal synapses become stronger during enocoding? |
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Definition
1)Weak stimulation of CA3 axons and recording of CA1 neurons.
2)Inhibitory avoidance training
3) Repeat #1
CA3-CA1 synapses stronger potentiated in rats that were shocked in dark chamber (learning to fear a context |
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Term
| What is retrograde Amnesia? |
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Definition
| loss of memories formed before onset of disorder |
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Term
| What is anterograde Amnesia? |
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Definition
| inability to form new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| retrograde amnesia tends to be stronger for evetns right before onset of disorder |
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Term
| What is standard consolidation theory? |
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Definition
| components of an episodic memory bound together by hippocampus. Components of an episodic memory bound together by neocortex. |
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Term
| What is depth of processing? |
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Definition
| encoding is better when you encode the meaning of the material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique to episodic memory? |
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Definition
-always biographical
-tagged with spatial and temporal context
-learned in a single exposure and can be weakened by similar events |
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