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Definition
| Transfer information within the nervous system |
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surround neurons:
-hold them in place
-supply nutrients
-insulate neuron from each another
-destroy and remove dead neurons
-Also communicate with neurons |
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| creates neuro-transmitters |
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| Sends signal from nucleus to synapses |
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| insulates signal, speeds messages |
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Send information from sensory receptors to the
brain (afferent) |
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Definition
Transmit commands from brain to the muscles
(efferent) |
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Resemble opiates in structure and effect
Contribute to pain relief and pleasurable emotions
Associated with “Runner’s High” |
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Regulates: Mood
Sleep
Nausea
Sexuality
Appetite |
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Definition
Hormones
Effect different parts of the body
Bind to receptors |
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Definition
Permanent change in structure and
function |
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Definition
Low testosterone reduces sexual behavior
Pre-menstrual tension (PMT)
Ghrelin: linked with hunger |
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Definition
Advantages:
Used on humans and animals
Can ask questions
Experimental control
Disadvantages:
Only during surgery
Invasive |
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Definition
Advantages:
Non invasive
May ask questions
Disadvantages:
No control
Small samples |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages:
Cheap
Fairly quick
Experimental control
Disadvantages:
Invasive
Can't ask questions
Brains are not human
Ethics |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages:
Cheap
Fairly easy to use
Good localization
Disadvantages:
Unknown long-term effects
May cause seizures
Superficial stimulation / not deep |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages:
Cheap
Fairly easy to use
Good temporal resolution
Non invasive
Disadvantages:
Poor spatial resolution
Shallow cortical measurement |
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Definition
Advantages:
Good spatial resolution
Non invasive
Disadvantages:
Poor temporal resolution
Very expensive |
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Definition
The simplest form of learning is learning not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly • Short term • Long term |
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Definition
| -Where one stimulus or event predicts the occurrence of another response or event • Specifically the learning of involuntary responses • Dominant in American psychology from the 1913 - 1948 The only matter for psychological investigation is observable behavior. • Consciousness and thinking are epiphenomena. • Now called “radical behaviorism” (John Watson/Ivan Pavlov) |
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| Stimulus evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning |
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| Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without training |
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| Previously neutral stimulus now evokes a conditioned response |
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| Learned reaction to a CS occurs because of training |
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| CS and UCS begin and end together |
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CS begins just before the UCS, end
together |
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| CS begins and ends before UCS is presented |
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The effect of consequences on later behavior
• Learning of voluntary responses
• Dominant in American psychology from the 1930s -
1950s |
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Definition
Responses are
generally governed by their
consequence
• Generally occurs in the form of
reward or punishment
-Edward Thorndike |
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Definition
| Initial stage of learning |
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Reinforcement of closer and closer
approximations to a desired response |
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Definition
Weakening and disappearance of a
response when no longer followed by a reinforcer |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Continuous reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
Every response of a desired
type is reinforced |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement (OC) |
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Definition
Only some responses of a
desired type are reinforced |
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Definition
Gathering information from the environment
(bottom up) |
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Definition
Creating meaningful patterns from sensory
information (top down) |
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Definition
Sensations are caused by external physical phenomenon
(e.g., light, heat, sound)
The basis of perception is neuronal - electrochemical |
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Definition
cells that transduce (i.e., translate, change,
or transform) physical phenomena into electrochemical
signals |
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Definition
the scientific study of relationships
between physical stimuli and perceptual phenomena
Examples:
The physical intensity of a light on its detectability |
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Definition
The minimum amount of physical
energy detectable by the sensory system |
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| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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Definition
The smallest
difference that can be reliably detected when two stimuli
are compared |
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Definition
a “knee shaped” body that receives input
from the retina
Marr realized that the LGN would be a good place to
look for early processes, like edge detection |
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Term
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Definition
showed parvocellular cells
single cell recordings mapped nicely
onto edge detection filters |
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Term
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Definition
Six million cones
Clustered near the center of the retina
Poor at detecting changes in brightness, good at color
Three types:
Long wave: red
Medium wave: blue
Short wave: green |
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Definition
(Hering, 1872; Hurvich &
Jameson, 1957)
Colors are the activity of 2 antagonistic systems but 4
psychological primary colors
Red-green
Blue-yellow
Black-White (achromatic) |
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Definition
| Red cones filled with green photopigment |
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Definition
Green cones filled with red
photopigment |
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Definition
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| Activation of 3 color elements in the eye |
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| Neural adaptation or habituation: |
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Definition
CNS becomes activated
by sensory changes, but quickly returns to baseline |
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Definition
| test for colour blindness |
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Biologically less complex than hearing
Transduction based on molecular shape |
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Definition
| Transduction based on molecular shape |
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Definition
Touch sense may involve transduction of different
forces (thermal, mechanical, chemical)
Vestibular system senses movement and balance |
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Term
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Definition
Touch sense may involve transduction of different
forces (thermal, mechanical, chemical)
Vestibular system senses movement and balance |
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Definition
One of 4 different mechanoreceptors
Respond to high velocity pressure and vibration
• Found in skin
• Also found internally (pancreas) and joints
Na+ ion channels on the axon are pressure sensitive |
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Definition
Monitors junctions between other muscles and
bones for force |
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Definition
Spread throughout muscle tissue
Inform the brain about stretch and therefore position |
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Definition
The farther apart the two points
before discrimination, the less
sensitive the skin region |
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| Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) |
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Definition
Learning occurs within a social context. We learn from others through observational learning, imitation, and modeling.
We observe the behaviour of others and the outcomes that those behaviours bring about.
Cognition is important for learning. We develop a representation of what happened to others to guide our expectations of what might happen to us in the future. |
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Definition
| When we perform an activity because it is inherently fun and optimally challenging. |
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Term
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Definition
When we perform an activity for a reason external to the activity.
We perform the behaviour because of rewards or pressures that come from other people, ourselves, the situation. |
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Term
| Overjustification Effect (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973) |
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Definition
We make judgments about our own level of intrinsic or extrinsic motivation.
If we receive an external reward for engaging in an activity that we find enjoyable (i.e., intrinsically motivating), the reward may undermine our intrinsic motivation. The extrinsic reason makes us discount intrinsic reasons for performing the activity (i.e., we “overjustify” why we’re doing that activity). |
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