Term
| process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain |
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Definition
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sensory info is actively organized and interpreted in the brain
-how info from senses perceived in brain
-can have ___ without ___, but not ___ without ____ |
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Definition
perception
s without p
p without s |
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Term
MINIMUM amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
-point where you can/cant percieve a stimulus
-smallest amount of noise you can hear |
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Definition
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| measure of the SMALLEST increase or decrease in a physical stimulus thats required to produce a difference in sensation thats noticeable 50% of the time |
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| smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time |
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JND for all senses depends on a proprotion or % of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
-the greater the original stimulus, the more it must increase or decrease for the difference to be noticeable |
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Definition
| weber's law (ernest weber) |
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Term
absolute thresholds:
-hearing: ____
-smell: _____
-taste: ______
-vision: _______
-touch: _________ |
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Definition
-ticking watch from 20 ft away
-1 drop of perfume in 3 bedroom house
-1t of sugar dissolved in 1 gal of water
-lit candle from 30 mi away in complete darkness
-insects wing falls off 1 cm away we can sense it |
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Term
| highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to 1 type of sensory stimuli- light, sound, or odor, for example-and transduce (convert) the stimuli into neural impulses. |
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Definition
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| sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impulses |
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Definition
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process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging, levels of stimuli over time.
-enables us to shift our attention to whats most important
-enables dark/light adaptation |
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Term
narrow band of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye
-shortest-violet
-longest-red |
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Definition
| visible (electromagnetic) spectrum |
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Term
| tough, transparent, protective layer that covers the front of the eye and bends light rays inward through pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| small opening in center of colored part of eye |
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colored part of eye that dilates and contracts the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
-pupil doesnt move, iris does
-dilate = more light |
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transparent disc shaped structure behind the iris and the pupil that changes shape as it focuses on objects at varying distances
-flattens as it focuses on objects at a distance and becomes more spherical. bulging in the center, as it focuses on close objects |
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layer of tissue thats located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains sensory receptors for visison
-projected upside down and L to R
-nearsighetness (mypoia)
-farsightedness (hyperopia) |
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Definition
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Term
| flattening and bulging action of lens as it focuses images of objects on the retina |
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respond to low levels of light (how we see in dark)
-black, white, grey |
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detects color and fine detail
-functions best in adequate light (see colors better in light) |
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Definition
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Term
| in bright light, when opsin and retinal break apart |
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Definition
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Term
| opsin and retinal bind (FUSE) to one another, reforming rhidospin |
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Definition
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Term
| enables us to adapt to variation in light |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ cells are the last cells that an image passes through before we see it |
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Definition
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| small area at the center of the retina that provides clearest and sharpest vision because it has largest concentration of cones |
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| part in each retina where there are no rods or cones because cable of ganglion cells is extending through retinal wall |
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carries visual info from each retina to both sides of brain
-2 optic nerves come together at optic chiasm, nerve fibers cross to opposite sides of brain
-end at occipital lobe and visual cortex |
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Term
| dimension of light that refers to specific color perceived (such as red, green, blue) |
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Definition
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purity of color
-color becomes less pure as other wavelengths of light mix with it |
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Definition
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intensity of light energy thats perceived as color
-white-low
-neon-high |
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Definition
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Term
inability to distinguish certain colors from one another
-related to number of color vision genes a person has
-normal- x chromosome, as fewa as 2 as many as 9 genes for color perception |
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Definition
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theory of color vision suggesting theres 3 types of cones in retina that make max chem response to 1 of 3 colors-red, green, blue
-Young, von Helmholtz, and Wald
-depends of the intensity of firing |
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Definition
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theory of color vision suggesting that 3 kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing rate of firing when different colors present
-Herling, Hurvich and Jameson
-red/green- increase when red present, decrease green
-yellow/blue-increase yellow, decrease blue
-increase white, decrease absence of light
-AFTERIMAGES!!!!!! |
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| connection between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells |
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| type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina and are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. |
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| some object (figure) often seems to stand out from background (ground) |
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| objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit |
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| objects closer together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging togehter |
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| perceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form or continuous patterns |
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| perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete |
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| allows us to perceive objects as maintaining stable properties, such as size, shape, and brightness, despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting |
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| as objects move farther away, you continue to perceive them as being about same size |
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| perceive objects as having stable/unchanging shape, regardless of changes in retinal image resulting from differences in viewing angles |
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| normally see objects as maintaining constant level of brightness, regardless of differences in lighting conditions |
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ability to perceive visual world in 3 dimesnsions and to judge distances accurately
-binocular and monocular depth cues |
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| eyes move inward as object moves closer to you |
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| difference between what each eye sees of same object |
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Definition
| binocular (retinal) disparity |
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Term
| 1 object partially blocking another, image in background appears much farther away than actually is |
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| parallel lines will come together the further away they move from us |
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Definition
| linear perspective (monocular) |
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| larger objects closer to us than some farther away |
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Definition
| relative size (monocular) |
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| objects closer to us see more detail than farther objects |
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Definition
| texture gradient (monocular) |
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| objects in distance appear bluish and blurry |
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Definition
| atmospheric (aerial) perspective (monocular) |
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Term
| when light falls on objects they can prod shadows or shading making us think object has depth |
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Definition
| shadow or shading (monocular) |
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Term
| objects closer to us move much faster in moving vehicle and objects heading in opposite direction |
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Definition
| motion parallax (monocular) |
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Term
___ illusion-2 lines same length, but diagonals extending outward from both ends of the upper line make it look longer than the lower line
>--<
<--> |
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| ___illusion plays interesting tricks on our estimation of size--conceived, not natural A & B railroad |
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Muller-Lyer and school kids from IL
(culture, not race) |
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Muller-Lyer Zulus and IL residents
-culture
-round houses |
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