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| the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan |
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| a type of developmental study in which the same group of participants is followed and measured at different ages |
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| development that occurs between conception and birth and consists of 3 stages (germinal, embryonic, and fetal) |
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| the single cell that forms when a sperm and egg unite |
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| a type of developmental study in which researchers compare groups of participants of different ages on various characteristics to determine age-related differences |
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| the developing human organism during the period from week 3 through week 8 when the major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop |
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| the developing human organism during the period from week 9 until birth, when rapid growth and further development of the structures, organs and systems of the body occur |
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| viruses and other harmful agents that can have a negative impact on prenatal development |
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| periods during the embryonic stage when certain body structures are developing and can be harmed by negative influences in the prenatal environment |
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| a condition that is caused by maternal alcohol intake early in prenatal development and that leads to facial deformities as well as mental retardation and behavior problems |
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| a weight at birth of less than 5.5 pounds |
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| newborn infants up to 1 month old |
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| inborn, unlearned, automatic responses to certain environmental stimuli |
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| each infants own genetically determined biological pattern of development |
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| an apparatus used to measure infants ability to perceive depth |
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| a decrease in response or attention to a stimulus as an infant becomes accustomed to it |
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| a persons behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment |
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| the early close relationship formed between infant and caregiver |
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| the fear and distress shown by infants and toddlers when the parent leaves, occurring from 8 to 24 months and reaching a peak from 12 to 18 months |
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| a fear of strangers common in infants at about 6 or 7 months of age which increases in intensity until about 12 1/2 months and then declines |
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| Piaget's term for a mental process that uses specific experiences to make inferences that can be generalized to new experiences |
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| plans of action, based on previous experiences to be used in similar circumstances |
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| the mental process by which new objects, events, experiences and info are incorporated into existing schemes |
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| the mental process of modifying existing schemes and creating new ones in order to incorporate new objects, events, experiences and info |
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| Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which infants gain an understanding of their world through their senses and their motor activities ; culminates with the development of object performance and the beginning of representational thought |
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| the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight |
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| Piaget's second stage of cognitive development which is characterized by the development and refinement of schemes for symbolic representation |
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| a preoperational child's tendancy to focus on only one dimension of a stimulus |
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| concrete operations stage |
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| Piaget's third stage of cognitive development during which a child acquires the concepts of reversibility and conservation and is able to attend to two or more dimensions of a stimulus at a time |
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| the fact that when only the appearance of a substance has been changed it can be returned to its original state |
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| the understanding that given a quantity of matter remains the same if is is rearranged or changed appearance as long as nothing is added or taken away |
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| Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations |
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| the application of a word, on the basis of some shared feature to a broader range of objects than is appropriate |
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| the restriction of a word to only a few rather that to all members of a class of objects |
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| vocalization of the basic units of sound |
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| short sentences that follow a rigid word order and contain only 3 or so essential content words |
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| the act of inappropriately applying the grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs |
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| sensitivity to sound patterns of a language and how they are represented as letters |
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| the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors and attitudes and values |
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| parents who make arbitrary rules expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior and value obedience to authority |
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| parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence |
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| parents who make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made; they allow children to make their own decisions an control their own behavior |
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| parents who are permissive and are not involved in their children's lives |
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| Bronfenbrenner's term for the interrelated and layered settings in which a child grows up |
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| the view that developmental changes happen throughout the human lifespan and that interdisciplinary research is required to fully understand human development |
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| Erikson's eight developmental stages through which individuals progress during their lifespan, each stage is defined by a conflict involving the individuals relationship with the social environment which must be resolved satisfactorily in order for healthy development to occur |
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| the emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity |
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| the developmental stage that begins at puberty and encompasses the period from the end of childhood to the beginning of childhood |
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| a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and physiological changes occur culminating in sexual maturity |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| those physical characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction but distinguish the mature male from the mature female |
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| the ability to think about and control ones own memory processes |
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| Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others rather than the person's own internalized standards of right and wrong |
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| Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning in which the individual has internalized the standards of others and judges right and wrong in terms of those standards |
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| Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives and realizing that laws may be conflict with basic human rights |
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| the period from the late teens to early twenties when individuals explore options prior to committing adult roles |
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| a condition developing in the mid to late 40's in which the lenses of the eyes no longer accommodate adequately for near vision and reading glasses or bifocals are required for reading |
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| the cessation of menstruation which usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 and marks the end of reproductive capacity |
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| a process in which the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leads to a slowing of physical and mental functions |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| a type of intelligence comprising verbal ability and accumulated knowledge which tend to increase over the lifespan |
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| a type of intelligence comprising abstract reasoning and mental flexibility which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age |
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| a group of neurological disorders in which problems with memory and thinking affect an individuals emotional, social, and physical functioning caused by the deterioration of the brain |
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| a progressive and incurable disorder that involves widespread degeneration and disruption of brain cells resulting in dementia |
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| a persons characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
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| Freud's term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders |
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| the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment |
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| the experiences, perceptions, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may be easily brought to consciousness |
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| for Freud the primary motivating force of human behavior containing repressed memories as well as instincts wishes and desires that have never been conscious |
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| the unconscious system of the personality which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle; source of the libido |
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| in Freud's theory the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality which operates according to the reality principle |
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| moral system of the personality which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal |
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| a means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem |
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| a defense mechanism in which one involuntarily removes painful or threatening memories thoughts or perceptions from consciousness or prevents unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses from breaking into consciousness |
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| a series of stages through which the sexual instinct develops each stage is defined by an erogenous zone |
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| arrested development at a psychsexual stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage |
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| occurring during the phallic stage a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and feels hostility toward the same sex parent |
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| in Jung's theory the layer of the unconscious that contains all of the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious as well as repressed memories wishes and impulses |
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| in Jung's theory the most accessible layer of the unconscious which contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution |
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| existing in the collective unconscious inherited tendencies to respond to universal human situations in particular ways |
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| developing to ones full potential |
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| conditions on which the positive regard of others rests |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another |
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| a trait theory that attempts to explain personality using 5 broad dimensions each of which is composed of a constellation of personality traits |
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| individualism/collectivism dimension |
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| a measure of a cultures emphasis on either individual achievement or social relationships |
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| the view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions |
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| Bandura's concept of a mutually influential relationship among behavior cognitive factors and environment |
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| the perception a person has of his or her ability to perform competently whatever is attempted |
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| Rotter's concept of a cognitive factor that explains how people account for what happens in their lives either seeing themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences or perceiving what happens to them to be in the hands of fate, luck, or chance |
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| a paper and pencil test with questions about a persons thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| the most extensively researched and widely used personality test which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders |
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| California Personality Inventory (CPI) |
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| a highly regarded personality test developed especially for typical individuals aged 13 and older |
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| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
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| a personality inventory useful for measuring normal individual differences based on Jung's theory of personality |
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| a personality test in which people respond to inkblots or drawings of ambiguous human situations by projecting their inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials |
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| a projective test composed of ten inkblots that the test taker is asked to describe; used to assess personality , make differential diagnoses |
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| Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) |
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| a projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations which the test taker describes thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts and motives which are projected onto the test materials |
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| mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning |
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| psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future |
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| an episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror |
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| an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or just a panic attack |
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| an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror |
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| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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| an anxiety disorder in which people experience chronic excessive worry for 6 months or more |
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| a persistent irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no danger |
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| an irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others by appearing in clumsy foolish or incompetent |
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| a marked fear of a specific object or situation a general label for any phobia other that agoraphobia and social phobia |
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