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| all the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior |
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| needs or desires that energize and direct behavior toward a goal |
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| the desire tp behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself |
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| the desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence |
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| an external stimulus that motivates behavior (for example, money or fame) |
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| a theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal- called drives- which organisms ar moticated to reduce |
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| an internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce |
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| the natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state in order to ensure physical survival |
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| a thory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation |
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| the principle that performance on taks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, modertate arousal for taks of moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks |
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| maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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| His theory contends that as humans meet 'basic needs', they seek to satisfy successively 'higher needs' that occupy a set hierarchy. Physiological needs> Safety needs> Belonging and Love needs > Esteem needs > Need for self-actualization |
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| the need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence |
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| the view that achievement motivation depends of which of four goal orientations (mastery-approach, master-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) an indivdual adopts |
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| orientiation will study and engage in others behaviors so as to increase their knowledge and overcome challenges |
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| orientation will exhibit whatever behaviors are nescessary to avoid failing to learn |
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| orientation will measure their performance against that of other students and are motivated to work to the point where they are at least equal to their peers |
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| orientation try to surpass the performance of their peers in an attempt to enhance their own sense of self-worth |
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| an identifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimlus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state |
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| schachter singer theory of emotion |
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Definition
| a two-factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion |
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Term
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| emotions that are unlearned and universal, that are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable of development; fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness are usually considered basic emotions |
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| cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is apporiate |
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| facial-feedback hypothesis |
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| the idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions produce the corresponding emotions (e. smiling makes me happy) |
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| the ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everyday life |
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